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Biomedical subjects

A Sinclair

Publications and source records attributed to A Sinclair.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Roux-Y intestinal bypass for administration of sorbents in uremia.

In order to minimize interaction of sorbents with food and digestive secretions, an intestinal bypass was created for sorbent administration in normal and uremic rats (N = 18) and goats (N = 5). Two separate limbs of small intestine were fashioned, one for food absorption and one for sorbent function, which joined at a Roux-Y anastomosis before the cecum. Particulate sorbent suspensions were injected into the intestine via a cutaneous stoma, and were excreted with food wastes in the feces. In animals with normal kidneys, sorbent function was calculated from changes in fecal and urinary excretion. Nitrogen clearance by the intestinal bypass was 20 to 40% of normal renal clearance in rats and goats. Potassium clearance was 40% of normal renal clearance in rats, and over 100% in goats. Sorbent treatment in anephric animals caused serum urea nitrogen concentrations to stabilize at 210 mg/dl in rats, and 110 mg/dl in goats. Serum potassium concentrations stabilized at 4.5 mEq/liter in rats, and fell to 2 mEq/liter in goats. Water balance was maintained by producing a mild osmotic diarrhea. At least three substances which accumulate in renal failure--urea, potassium, and water--were removed in therapeutically significant amounts.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Effect of vagotomy on the quantitative histological distribution of histamine and histidine decarboxylase in the rat stomach.

Determinations were made of the quantitative histological distribution of histamine and histidine decarboxylase in the body of the glandular stomach of fed and 14-hr fasted rats subjected to pyloroplasty and to pyloroplasty with vagotomy for comparison with untreated rats. Pyloroplasty on fasted rats had no significant effect on the concentration of histamine which was localized predominantly in the chief cell zone. However, the superimposed vagotomy was associated with some increase in the concentration. With the fed rats, the concentration was essentially unchanged from normal in either group of operated animals and it also was about the same as that in the normal fasted group. Histidine decarboxylase activity, which was also localized predominantly in the chief cell zone, underwent an increase in concentration following pyloroplasty of the fasted rats; no additional effect was observed with added vagotomy. The higher concentration of the enzyme activity in the fed rats was markedly further elevated in both groups of operated animals but these groups did not differ significantly from one another. An explanation of the elevation of histidine decarboxylase activity following pyloroplasty requires further investigation, but the lack of effect of the superimposed vagotomy on the enzyme activity would appear to rule out direct vagal control as the sole factor in determining the enzyme function at this site.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The measurement of radiant temperature in neonatal thermal environments.

Heat exchange through radiation is recognized as the dominant mode of heat transfer for an infant nursed in an incubator or warmer. A radiometer was constructed to measure the planar radiant temperature experienced by the infant. Two heat-flow sensors of different emissivities were mounted onto a heat sink such that one measured principally convective heat exchange while the other measured convective and radiant heat exchange. The radiant heat exchange was obtained from the difference between these values, from which the planar radiant temperature could be calculated. The spatial variation in planar radiant temperatures within an incubator and warmer was determined by orienting the instrument towards the five orthogonal hemispheres sensed by the infant abdomen, sides, head, and feet. In the incubator, the spatial variation in radiant temperatures exceeded 2 degrees C, or four times the spatial variation in air temperatures (0.5 degrees C). The radiant warmer had a spatial variation of 18 degrees C in radiant temperature at three-fourths of maximum power, corresponding to a variation in heat flux over the infant's surface of 100 W/m2. This thermal asymmetry would be expected to influence the variation in surface skin temperature, and thus the thermal stimuli to the infant thermoregulatory system. Further research is needed to understand the clinical significance of this asymmetry. Furthermore, the precise control over air temperature in modern incubators provides a false sense of thermal control and stability. Radiant temperature needs to be measured in addition to air temperature if the thermal performances of incubators and warmers are to be fully understood.

Calibration↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Emergency department autotransfusion for trauma victims.

In the initial treatment of serious trauma victims, a valuable source of blood is often overlooked: the patient's own blood, shed into the chest cavity as a result of blunt or penetrating injury. This blood can often be salvaged and made available for immediate reinfusion as an autologous whole blood transfusion, or autotransfusion. In the past decade, clinical experience in many hospitals has confirmed the safety of this method, and a commercial system suitable for use in the emergency department is now available.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Remedies for common family ailments: 1. Indigestion and heartburn.

Antacids are a useful remedy for the common complaint of indigestion. But if indigestion persists, the patient should seek medical advice and look at whether his or her life-style is contributing. Antacids should be taken in response to symptoms, usually after meals, to react to the surge of acid produced by the body to digest food. Antacids can interfere with drug absorption, so patients on other medications should ask a pharmacist's advice on the timing of their antacid dose. Liquid or soluble preparations act faster than tablets. Take care before recommending an antacid if your patient is: a) pregnant (most over-the-counter antacids are not contraindicated in pregnancy, but it is safest to check with the doctor or pharmacist, particularly for someone in early pregnancy) b)suffering from symptoms which might suggest a more serious, undiagnosed condition, eg cancer. c) already on other medication or on a low-sodium diet.

Antacids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Remedies for common family ailments: 5. Sunscreen creams and lotions.

Prolonged exposure to strong sunlight significantly increases the risk of skin cancer. Sunscreens provide useful protection from sunburn if correctly used. Some sunscreens contain chemical compounds which work by absorbing UVB wavelengths. Others contain chemicals which act as reflectants of UVA waves, eg titanium dioxide. Stars on the packet indicate how much UVA protection the product provides-the more stars, the more protection. Products are labelled with their sunscreen protection factor (SPF). The higher the factor, the greater the protection. Products used on children should have an SPF of at least 15. Fair-skinned and freckled people also need a high SPF as they burn easily. Use products according to the manufacturer's instructions and reapply at intervals and after swimming. Some products combine sunscreen properties with being water resistant perspiration-resistant or insect-repellent. Avoid folklore remedies like coconut oil. It is better to go or a scientifically formulated, branded product. A properly formulated after-sun lotion is advisable in order to counteract the drying effects of the sun on the skin.

Humans↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Remedies for common family ailments: 6. Analgesics for everyday aches and pains.

Injury or infection causes the tissues to release prostaglandins, which stimulate the nerve endings and are interpreted by the brain as pain. People have differing pain thresholds and usually if they say they are in pain, they are. Before advising an analgesic, ask yourself why the pain is there and, if necessary, refer the patient to a doctor for diagnosis. If analgesics are to achieve the optimum effect they should be taken regularly in appropriate doses at the onset of pain. It is wise to consult a pharmacist if the patient is already on other drugs. Analgesics fall into two main groups: the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), eg aspirin, paracetamol, ibuprofen; and narcotics (eg codeine). NSAIDs are particularly good for muscle and joint pain. Paracetamol is reasonably safe to use for young children and, when appropriate, in pregnancy. Aspirin should not be given to children under 12 years.

Analgesics↗