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Biomedical subjects

A V Astrup

Publications and source records attributed to A V Astrup.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

[About olive oil].

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European Union↗
PubMed1998

[A randomized comparison of two weight-reducing diets. Calorie counting versus low-fat carbohydrate-rich ad libitum diet].

We compared the importance of rate of initial weight loss for long term outcome in obese patients and the efficacy of two different dietary weight maintenance programmes. An initial weight loss of 12.6 kg was achieved either by eight weeks low energy diet (2 MJ/day) (n = 21) or 17 weeks conventional hypocaloric, high protein diet (5 MJ/day) (n = 22) both supported by an anorectic compound (ephedrine 20 mg and caffeine 200 mg thrice daily). Weight loss rate had no effect on long-term weight maintenance. Randomisation to one year weight maintenance of either an ad lib, low fat, high carbohydrate diet or a fixed energy diet (< 8 MJ/day), both supported by reinforcement sessions 2-3 times monthly, resulted in a maintenance of 13.2 of initial 13.5 kg weight loss in the ad lib group versus 9.7 of 13.8 kg in the fixed energy intake group. At follow-up two years after the initial weight loss, 65% of the ad lib group and only 40% of the fixed energy intake group had maintained a weight loss of > 5 kg.

Diet, Fat-Restricted↗
PubMed1998

[Low energy metabolism in persons predisposed to obesity: significance of the thyroid status].

A low resting metabolic rate (RMR) for a given body composition has been identified as a risk factor for weight gain and obesity, and has also been reported in formerly obese individuals with the genetic predisposition to obesity. The possible role of thyroid hormone in low RMR was studied in a large sample of postobese women. RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry in 28 weight-stable postobese women with a family history of obesity (PO group) and in a control group of 28 nonobese women closely matched for age, fat mass, and fat-free mass. RMR was 8% lower in the PO than in the control group (95% CI: 5856 kJ/d [5520-6214] vs 6408 kJ/d [6096-6768]), (p < 0.02). The group difference remained unchanged after fat-free mass and fat mass were adjusted for (552 kJ/d, p < 0.015). The PO group had lower plasma free triiodothyronine: 2.4 (1.9-3.0) compared with 3.5 pmol/l (2.9-3.9), (p < 0.01), whereas plasma androstenedione only tended to be lower in the PO. Adjustment for differences in androstenedione did not reduce the difference in RMR, whereas adjustment for differences in plasma free triiodothyronine eliminated the group difference (96 kJ/d, p = 0.59). The present study shows that RMR for a given body composition is lower among postobese than among matched never-obese control subjects. Statistically the lower plasma free triiodothyronine concentration of the postobese subjects could explain their lower RMRs, but it remains to be established whether these findings are causally related.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Significance of intentional weight loss on health].

The aim of the present study was critically to review how intentional weight loss in overweight and obesity influences mortality. No randomized weight loss intervention trial has included mortality as an end-point. However, even minor weight loss causes beneficial changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease, whereas the vast majority of observational studies have linked weight loss to excess mortality. Most observational studies do not have information on intentionality of weight loss and suffer from other methodological limitations making inferences from these studies difficult. Given the available observational evidence, the possibility that intended weight loss may cause some increased mortality cannot be excluded. However, considering the totality of the evidence on effects of intended weight loss among overweight and obese subjects, there may be other benefits, such as: psycho-social and physical well-being, risk factor improvement, decreased morbidity, and in certain high-risk subgroups decreased mortality. Treatment of obesity is therefore recommended, particularly in the presence of risk factors or complications.

Health Status↗
PubMed1997

[Spontaneous weight loss in young subjects of normal weight after 11 weeks of unrestricted intake of a low-fat/high-fiber diet].

The present study investigated the spontaneous, unintended body weight changes observed during the first 11 weeks of an eight months' ad libitum low-fat/high-fibre diet (25.5 energy-% fat, 58.5 energy-% carbohydrate, 3.9 g dietary fiber/MJ), primarily aimed at investigating changes in blood lipid concentrations. Subjects were normal-weight, young, healthy students, 24 in the intervention group, and 24 in the control group (no diet). After 11 weeks, an overall decrease in body weight (1.3 +/- 0.4 kg) (mean +/- SEM) (p < 0.01) and fat mass (1.6 +/- 0.2 kg, p < 0.001) was observed in the intervention group. Fat-free mass remained unchanged. Initial body weight and fat mass correlated significantly to changes in body weight and fat mass. No changes were observed in the control group. In conclusion, the ad libitum intake of a low-fat/high-fibre diet led to a spontaneous, small loss of body weight and fat mass in young, normal-weight subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Prognostic markers for weight loss in the treatment of obesity].

The aim of the study was to identify prognostic metabolic markers for long-term weight loss outcome in obese women. Forty female obese patients underwent a dietary intervention of 36 weeks treatment with a 4.2 MJ/d low-fat high carbohydrate diet and were followed-up two and a half years after cessation of treatment. The maximum weight loss (mean 16.2 kg. 95% CI 14.2-18.2) was positively associated to pre-treatment 24-h energy expenditure (EE) (p < 0.01), fat oxidation (%) (p < 0.02), plasma dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (p < 0.01), and to postprandial noradrenaline concentration (p < 0.04). Together these factors could explain 41% of the variation in maximum weight loss. After 36 weeks only 24-h EE and DHT had predictive power on weight loss. Weight losses in upper and lower tertiles of DHT concentrations were 17.7 kg (14.1-21.4) and 9.8 kg (6.2-13.3) (p < 0.02) and the adjusted relative risk of losing < 10 kg in the upper compared to the lower DHT tertile was 12% (4-32%). At two and a half years follow-up 21 patients had maintained some of the weight loss (54%), while 14 patients had maintained > 5 kg weight loss (36%). High levels of pre-treatment DHT were also associated with better weight loss at two and a half years follow-up. The study suggests that long-term weight loss outcome may be predicted by pre-treatment metabolic and hormonal factors in obese women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

[Nutritional assessment of recipes distributed to households].

This study examines the nutritional standards of recipes in six pamphlets distributed to all households in Denmark. The publications all purport to contain recipes for a healthy diet. The nutritional values given in the publications are compared to calculated values and found to be almost identical. The fat content of most of the recipes is too high: recipes in the first three pamphlets had a median fat energy content of 50%. The later publications are better: 40% in two pamphlet and 33% in the last pamphlet. It is likely that the high fat content of the household distributed pamphlets contributes to the continued high fat content in the Danish diet. We suggest that the fat energy percent should be less than 30 in half the recipes and be only 30-35 on average. The energy content should not be greater than 2.5-3.5 MJ per portion. Nutritional value estimates and the nutrition information should be standardized so as to make them more accessible for the consumer who wishes to make healthy diet choices, and more instructive generally concerning general principles of an appetizing and healthy diet.

Cooking↗
PubMed1995

[Objective assessment of the habitual dietary fat content in patients with obesity].

A diet rich in fat may be an important precipitating factor of obesity, but studies on this relation have been hampered by the lack of an objective method to assess habitual dietary fat content. We measured 24-h fat oxidation in a respiration chamber in 38 overwight or obese and 35 nonobese women, and used it as an estimate of habitual dietary fat energy (%). After adjustment for confounders, obese women had higher oxidative fat energy than nonobese women [40.2% (37.8-42.6) vs. 36.0% (33.6-38.5), p < 0.02]. Adjusted oxidative fat energy (%) increased with increasing size of fat mass, and this relation suggest that a 10-kg change in fat mass may be caused by a change in dietary fat energy of > or = 1.6%. This objective assessment supports the contention that obese subjects consume a diet with a higher fat content than nonobese individuals, and the high-fat diet may have causal importance for the development and maintenance of obesity.

Adult↗