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Biomedical subjects

A Vyskocil

Publications and source records attributed to A Vyskocil.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Biochemical renal changes in workers exposed to soluble nickel compounds.

1. Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 14 male and 12 female workers highly exposed to soluble nickel compounds in a chemical plant. The results were compared to those obtained in 12 male and 12 female matched controls. 2. The concentration of nickel in urine of male and female workers averaged 5.0 and 10.3 micrograms g-1 creatinine, respectively. The mean duration of exposure in male and female workers was 25 and 15 years. 3. No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of lactate dehydrogenase, albumin and transferrin in both sexes, total proteins, beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) in males and lysozyme in females. Lysozyme and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) were increased in male and total proteins, beta 2-m, NAG and RBP in female exposed workers. Significant correlations between urinary concentrations of nickel on one side and that of beta 2-m in women (r = 0.462, P = 0.022) and men (r = 0.41, P = 0.018) and of NAG in men (r = 0.405, P = 0.019) on the other side were found in exposed subjects. 4. Results indicate adverse effects of soluble nickel compounds on the kidney tubular function. In agreement with literature data it seems that those effects occur only at high exposure levels.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1994

Chronic nephrotoxicity of soluble nickel in rats.

1. Male and female Wistar rats were given 100 mg L-1 of nickel (as nickel sulfate) in drinking water for 6 months. Lactate dehydrogenase, total proteins, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), albumin and beta 2-microglobulin were measured in 24 h urine after 3 and 6 months of exposure. Body and kidney weights were also recorded. 2. After 6 months, urinary excretion of albumin in control and exposed rats was 354 and 1319 micrograms 24 h-1 for female rats (P < 0.05) and 989 and 2065 micrograms 24 h-1 for male rats (P = non significant). Kidney weights were significantly increased in the exposed groups. No significant changes were observed in other parameters. 3. The results suggest that low-level oral exposure to soluble nickel either induces changes of glomerular permeability in female and possibly in male rats, or enhances the normal age-related glomerular nephritis lesions of ageing rats. The intake was probably not high enough to induce significant tubular changes. The female rat seems to be more sensitive to the nephrotoxic effect of nickel than the male rat.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1993

[Health status in stainless steel welders].

Health state, as well as hematological, biochemical and cytogenetical changes of 53 stainless steel welders were checked-up. Results were compared to those of non exposed persons (control), and to a group of firemen. Urine metals concentrations correlated with the welding fumes density. In the majority of welders typical complaints appeared: aqueous nasal secretion of a clogged nose feeling. Only some of workers suffered from a metal vapours fever. No changes witnessing the above mentioned risk factors influence on the hematological and biochemical findings were ever proved. Cytogenetical analysis confirmed an increased genetic risk.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Lack of renal changes in stainless steel welders exposed to chromium and nickel.

Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 52 male stainless steel welders (manual metal arc welding) exposed to chromium and nickel. No difference was found in the mean urinary excretion of total proteins, albumin, protein 1, transferrin, retinol-binding protein, lactate dehydrogenase, lysozyme, or beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase in a comparison with matched referents. Beta 2-microglobulin was slightly increased in those welders with a urinary chromium concentration of greater than 64.5 nmol.mmol-1 creatinine. The prevalences of abnormal values did not differ from those observed in the reference group. No correlation was found between the concentrations of chromium or nickel in urine and that of proteins or enzymes. No consistent or clinically significant renal impairment was revealed among the stainless steel welders exposed to a chromium air concentration slightly above the current threshold limit value of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for water-soluble hexavalent chromium compounds (50 micrograms.m-3).

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1992

[Literature findings and suggestions for modification of the fluorometric method for determination of n-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase in urine].

Literature data are summarized on the determination of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) in human urea. Based on these data, the modified determination of NAG activity in urea has been worked out. The latter consists in selection of suitable conditions for providing enzyme reaction and conditioning the area sample used to determine the NAG activity.

Acetylglucosaminidase↗
PubMed1991

Urinary excretion of proteins and enzymes in workers exposed to hydrocarbons in a shoe factory.

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine whether exposure to hydrocarbons in a shoe factory may produce renal effects that can be detected by determination of the urinary excretion of proteins and enzymes. The study population included 59 women who had been exposed to petroleum naphtha and toluene and 24 age-matched control women. The time-weighted average exposure to petroleum naphtha, toluene and ethylacetate was 1,619,81 and 160 mg/m3, respectively. The integrity of the renal structures or functions was assessed by measuring the urinary excretion of total protein, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, albumin, transferrin, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG). The only parameter that was significantly influenced by hydrocarbon exposure was the urinary activity of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Although the health significance of this renal change, which was not accompanied by changes in the urinary excretion of low- or high-molecular-weight proteins, is unclear, the results of the present study are in agreement with our previous observations suggesting that long-term moderate exposure to solvents does not entail a significant risk for the development of nephrotoxicity.

Acetates↗
PubMed1991

Influence of chronic lead exposure on hormone levels and organ weights in developing rats.

The effect of 5 months' exposure to 0.5% lead acetate in drinking water on the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid-adrenal system was evaluated by measuring hypothalamic and striatic noradrenaline (NA), serum thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) and corticosterone (CS) and blood and adrenal catecholamines (CA) levels in developing rats of both sexes. Blood CA were increased and hypothalamic and striatic NA was decreased by exposure in male rats. In female rats, blood and adrenal CA and serum CS were increased and hypothalamic and striatic NA was decreased by exposure. No changes in the two sexes were observed in serum T3 and T4. Exposure induced an increase in spleen and kidney weights in both sexes; the weight of liver was increased only in female rats. Weights of hypothalamus, striatum, adrenals and thyroid glands were not changed. Female but not male rats exposed to lead gained less weight than controls. The results suggest a non-specific stress response in female rats. In male rats only the sympatho-adrenal system seems to be affected by this lead exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Stress reaction in developing rats exposed to 1% lead acetate.

Effects of a three-month exposure of both male and female rats under their development to lead acetate in drinking water on the hypothalamus-pituitary gland-thyroid gland-suprarenals and sympathico-adrenal systems were evaluated by determining noradrenaline (NA) in the hypothalamus and striatum, thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3) and corticosterone (CS) in the serum and catecholamines (CA) in both blood and suprarenals. NA in the hypothalamus and striatum was decreased in exposed males. CA in blood and suprarenals and CS in the serum were increased and NA decreased in the hypothalamus and striatum in exposed females. No serum T3 and T4 changes were found in males or females. The exposure to lead resulted in increased weight of spleen and kidneys in both sexes and suprarenals in females only. Weights of hypothalamus, striatum, liver and thyroid gland did not change. Female rats exposed to lead grew more slowly than control animals. Retardation in the growth was not statistically significant in males. The results indicate a specific stress reaction in female rats. In males only the sympathico-adrenal system seems to be affected by such lead exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dose-related stress reaction in male rats chronically exposed to lead acetate.

Male Wistar rats were given 0.5% lead acetate and natrium acetate equimolar to 2% lead acetate for 3 months, 1 and 2% lead acetate for 2 months. Noradrenaline (NA) in hypothalamus and striatum corticosterone, thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine in serum and catecholamines (CA) in adrenals were determined at one month's interval. Results were accomplished by body and organ weights. All the changes depend on lead exposure level and time of exposure. At the three doses, lead exposure produced a significant decrease of NA in hypothalamus and striatum, increase of CA in adrenals and increase of kidney weight. Significant changes of all hormones, liver, spleen and kidney weight were observed in rats given 2% lead acetate. The stress effects of acetate was excluded by the lack of biochemical, organ or body weight effects of sodium acetate. Our results suggest a nonspecific stress reaction in rats activating hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid-adrenal axis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Influence of chronic lead exposure on hormone levels in developing rats.

The effect of five months' exposure to 0.5% lead acetate in drinking water on hormone levels of developing rats was studied. The hypothalamic and striatic concentrations of noradrenaline (NA) were decreased in both sexes. In female but not in male rats, blood and adrenal catecholamines and serum corticosterone concentrations were also increased. No changes were observed in serum thyroxine and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine levels. Our results indicate that female developing rats are more susceptible to lead than male rats. In female rats, both the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal and sympatho-adrenal systems seem to be affected by this lead exposure; in male rats, only the latter system is affected.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Study on kidney function in female workers exposed to perchlorethylene.

1. Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 16 female workers chronically exposed to tetrachlorethylene (TCE) in five dry-cleaning shops. The results were compared with those obtained in 13 females non-occupationally exposed to organic solvents. 2. The intensity of exposure was monitored by personal environmental monitoring. The time-weighed average exposure to TCE amounted to 157 mg m-3 (range 9-799 mg m-3). A satisfactory agreement was found between the concentration of TCE in ambient air sampled with the charcoal tube method and with a passive dosimeter. 3. The urinary excretion of lysozyme was increased in the exposed group. No difference was found in the urinary excretion of albumin, beta 2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase, total proteins or glucose. The prevalence of abnormal values of biochemical parameters in the exposed group did not differ from that observed in the control group. No correlation was found between the level of TCE exposure and biochemical parameters. 4. The present study suggests that chronic exposure to TCE does not lead to renal damage.

Environmental Monitoring↗
PubMed1990

Early detection of the nephrotoxic effects in the environment: a survey.

Number of potentially nephrotoxic substances is growing continuously. The objective of preventive measures taken is to find such concentrations of chemicals in the environment which do not represent any risk for renal function. Sensitive methods are thus required which are able to detect early changes in renal function which are still reversible and when changes of glomerular filtration do not appear yet. The paper points out practical problems associated with determining sensitive biochemical parameters utilized as noninvasive renal function tests both in man and experimental animals. The most recent literary reports and the authors' experience show that beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase are the most suitable indicators of tubular cells damage and albumin is the best indicator of a damage located in glomerular cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dose-related proximal tubular dysfunction in male rats chronically exposed to lead.

Male Wistar rats were given 0.5 and 2% lead acetate in drinking water for 2 months, 1% lead acetate for 3 months and sodium acetate equimolar to 2% lead acetate for 3 months. Glucose, total proteins, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lysozyme and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-m) were measured in 24-h urine every month. Kidney weight and histology were also examined. At the three doses, lead exposure produced a significant elevation of the kidney weight. No significant change in urinary parameters was observed in rats given 0.5% lead acetate. Exposure to 1% lead acetate increased the urinary excretion of beta 2-m only. At the 2% lead acetate dose the elevation of beta 2-m excretion was accompanied by an increased urinary output of glucose, total proteins, lysozyme and LDH. Observations of the kidneys by light microscopy were in agreement with these biochemical findings. The nephrotoxic effect of acetate was excluded by the lack of biochemical or histological effects of sodium acetate on the kidney. It is concluded that a proximal tubular dysfunction is induced in rats chronically exposed to high doses of lead.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Lack of nephrotoxicity of styrene at current TLV level (50 ppm).

Biochemical markers of kidney damage were examined in 37 female workers exposed to an average concentration of 225 mg/m3 of styrene. The concentration of mandelic acid in urine was on the average 759 mg/g creatinine. The mean duration of employment of the exposed subjects was 11 years. The results were compared to those obtained in 35 control female workers matched for age and a number of demographic and lifestyle factors and with no history of exposure to organic solvents. No difference was found in the urinary excretion of albumin, beta 2-microglobulin, retinol-binding protein, total proteins, glucose, lysozyme, lactate dehydrogenase and beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. The present study provides thus further evidence that exposure to styrene at the current TLV (215 mg/m3) does not entail any detectable risk for the renal function.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Methods used for testing toxicity of industrial chemicals and the need of their international unification.

The work presented here provides a demonstration of approaches in testing chemical substances in the world, comparison of various guidelines, shows differences in them with the aim to unify them as much as possible and thus to achieve their international comparability. First chapter includes a comparison of American and European approaches to Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Some parts of American GLP seem to be specific for the USA only and thus they are not suitable for application on the international level where countries having different systems of government and various levels of their economy would have to observe them. GLP published in OECD and ECETOC guidelines seem to be most beneficial for needs of socialist countries. OECD, EEC, EPA/FIFRA, EPA/TSCA, Japan/MAFF and UK/HSC guidelines are compared in subsequent chapters and recommendations given by ECETOC and the authors of this work for unification of the guidelines are presented as well. Some parts of OECD guidelines are specified in detail there especially those which are most suitable for CMEA countries. Differences or supplements contained in CMEA recommendations are presented in the end of each chapter. Acute, subchronic and chronic toxicity tests were compared as well as carcinogenicity, combined carcinogenicity/chronic toxicity studies and reproductive toxicity tests.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Biological methods for monitoring exposure to genotoxic chemicals.

This paper includes description and evaluation of methods for monitoring exposures to genotoxic materials which are currently most frequently used. A total of nine methods is presented here: 1. measuring of the chemical or its metabolites in biological media, 2. determination of mutagenic activity in biological materials, 3. cytogenetic observations on human somatic cells, 4 detection of gene mutations in somatic cells, 5. determination of protein or nucleic acid adducts, 6. determination of tumour markers, 7. determination of DNA repair, 8. sperm assays, and 9. determination of nucleic acid damage byproducts. Each test is accompanied by a brief characterization with respect to its applicability in the assessment of health hazards lying in the exposure to the monitored substance.

Animals↗