PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

A Wade

Publications and source records attributed to A Wade.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Clinical pharmacokinetics of frovatriptan.

OBJECTIVE: To review available data on the clinical pharmacokinetics of frovatriptan. BACKGROUND: Preclinical data suggest that the pharmacokinetic profile of frovatriptan may differ from that of the currently available triptans. METHODS: Studies of healthy volunteers, subjects with renal or hepatic impairment, elderly subjects, and patients with migraine during and between attacks were reviewed. RESULTS: Oral bioavailability of frovatriptan is 22% to 30%, and although the time to maximum concentration is typically 2 to 3 hours, approximately 60% to 70% of plasma maximum concentration is achieved within 1 hour of dosing. Frovatriptan distributes into erythrocytes, with binding reversible and time dependent. The relatively long terminal elimination half-life (about 26 hours) confers good systemic exposure and may produce a long duration of therapeutic action, thus reducing migraine recurrence and the need for redosing. Systemic exposure to frovatriptan generally correlates with dose between 1 and 100 mg. Blood and plasma frovatriptan concentrations are consistently higher in females, but there is no need to adjust dose according to gender. Pharmacokinetics are essentially unaffected by food and were predictable after repeat dosing; steady state is approached in about 4 to 5 days. Pharmacokinetics were changed only slightly in subjects with renal impairment or mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment, elderly individuals, and during migraine attacks. Frovatriptan is principally metabolized by the CYP1A2 isoenzyme of cytochrome P-450 and is cleared by the kidney and liver, each having sufficient capacity to compensate for impairment of the other. CONCLUSIONS: Frovatriptan can be taken without regard for food intake, and because of the large therapeutic margin and shallow dose-response curve, there is no need for dosage adjustment in the elderly, in women taking a combined oral contraceptive, in patients with mild-to-severe renal impairment, mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment, or according to gender. The long duration of exposure may reduce the likelihood of early migraine recurrence.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Frovatriptan: a review of drug-drug interactions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential for interactions involving drugs likely to be coadministered with frovatriptan. BACKGROUND: Frovatriptan is a new 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)(1B/1D) agonist. Preclinical data suggest that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profile of frovatriptan may differ from that of the currently available triptans. METHODS: The potential for interactions between frovatriptan and other drugs was investigated using in vitro methods, studies in healthy volunteers, and retrospective analysis of data from phase I trials. RESULTS: In vitro, frovatriptan was principally metabolized by cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A2 but was found not to be an inhibitor or inducer of this or other CYP isoenzymes. Frovatriptan was only a weak inhibitor of monoamine oxidase at very high concentrations in vitro and was not a substrate for this enzyme (unlike some other triptans). Coadministration with moclobemide, at doses known to inhibit monoamine oxidase-A, did not affect the pharmacokinetics of frovatriptan. Binding to plasma proteins was low (15%), and binding to erythrocytes was moderate (60%) and unlikely to be a source of interaction with other drugs. The pharmacokinetics of frovatriptan were not affected by moderate alcohol intake. There were slight increases in area under the curve and maximum concentration on concomitant administration with the combined oral contraceptives, propranolol, and fluvoxamine; and slight decreases in these parameters on concomitant administration with ergotamine and in tobacco smokers; these findings were considered to have no clinical significance in view of frovatriptan's large therapeutic index (well tolerated at doses ranging from 2.5 to 40 mg). These effects can be attributed primarily to modification of CYP1A2 activity but their impact is limited, probably due to frovatriptan also undergoing renal clearance and the likely role of blood cell binding in controlling the amount of unbound drug available for elimination. CONCLUSIONS: Because it has no inhibitory or inducing effect on CYP isoenzymes and is only slightly bound to plasma proteins, it is unlikely that frovatriptan will alter the pharmacokinetics of concomitantly administered drugs. Frovatriptan, therefore, appears to have a low risk of interaction with other drugs, and adjustments of dose are unlikely to be required when it is coadministered with other agents.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2002

Escitalopram 10 mg/day is effective and well tolerated in a placebo-controlled study in depression in primary care.

Escitalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), was compared to placebo in a study of patients with major depressive disorder (DSM-IV) who had baseline Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total scores >or=22 and <or=40. After a 1-week, single-blind placebo period, patients were randomized to receive escitalopram 10 mg/day (n=191) or placebo (n=189) in an 8-week, double-blind period. The primary efficacy analysis of adjusted mean change in MADRS total score from baseline showed a statistically significantly larger effect for escitalopram than for placebo with a treatment difference at week 8 (last observation carried forward, LOCF) of 2.7 points (SE 0.85; P=0.002). In further by-week efficacy analyses, the effect of escitalopram was consistently larger than that of placebo (P<0.05) beginning at week 1 (Clinical Global Impression-Improvement score), week 2 (MADRS score) or week 3 (Clinical Global Impression-Severity score). Escitalopram was very well tolerated with a low overall withdrawal rate similar to that for placebo. Nausea was the only adverse event reported significantly more in escitalopram-treated patients than in placebo-treated patients, although it was infrequent and transient. Escitalopram 10 mg/day had a statistically significantly better antidepressant effect than placebo as early as week 1, and was safe and very well tolerated.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Reliability of expert interpretation of retinal photographs for the diagnosis of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis.

AIMS: To measure agreement and estimate sensitivity and specificity of uveitis experts' interpretation of retinal photographs for the diagnosis of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. METHODS: The authors collated 96 retinal photographs from patients presenting with symptomatic posterior uveitis to ophthalmology clinics within a defined geographical area. Five uveitis experts independently ranked each photograph as definite, probable, possible, or not toxoplasma retinochoroiditis. They measured interobserver agreement based on an intraclass correlation coefficient and estimated sensitivity and specificity for each observer using a maximum likelihood model. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient for all five observers was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.54 to 0.69). Estimates of sensitivity and specificity for individual observers ranged from 71% to 96% and 58% to 100% respectively when appearances were dichotomised as definite or probable toxoplasma retinochoroiditis, versus possible or not. CONCLUSION: Agreement between uveitis experts on the interpretation of retinal photographs was moderate to good, but the estimates of sensitivity and specificity of their interpretation for the diagnosis of toxoplasma retinochoroiditis were highly variable. Assuming that interpretation of photographs is similar to real time ophthalmoscopy, clinicians need to beware that treatment decisions made on the basis of a single assessment will include patients without toxoplasma retinochoroiditis and will miss patients with the disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2001

Airway function in infants newly diagnosed with cystic fibrosis.

The lung function of infants with cystic fibrosis is often reduced shortly after diagnosis. We measured the airway function of newly diagnosed infants to test whether this reduction is independent of clinically recognised lower respiratory illness. We compared the airway function of 33 infants with cystic fibrosis and 87 healthy controls after adjustment for sex, age, bodyweight and length, and exposure to maternal smoking. Airway function was significantly reduced in children with cystic fibrosis, even in those without clinically recognised previous lower respiratory illness. Our findings raise important questions about the onset and natural history of impaired airway function in infants with cystic fibrosis.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2001

The association between birthweight, sex, and airway function in infants of nonsmoking mothers.

The risk of respiratory illness and death is increased in infants of low birthweight for gestational age, but the underlying physiologic mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the hypothesis that airway function is diminished in infants of low birthweight for gestational age, independent of exposure to maternal smoking. Respiratory function was measured using partial and raised volume forced expiratory maneuvers in 103 infants (> 35 wk gestation; 56 boys) not exposed pre- or postnatally to maternal smoking who, according to birthweight, were either small (SGA; n = 38) or appropriate (AGA; n = 65) for gestational age. At testing, SGA infants were of similar postnatal age (mean [SD]: SGA 6.8 [2.4] wk, AGA 5.9 [2.3] wk), but remained shorter and lighter than AGA infants. In univariate analyses, FVC, forced expired volume in 0.4 s (FEV(0.4)), and FEF(75) were significantly diminished in SGA compared with AGA infants (mean [95% CI of difference]: FVC: 127 versus 143 ml [-29, -2]; FEV(0.4): 112 versus 125 ml [-24, -2]; and FEF(75): 173 versus 203 ml s(-1) [-57, -3], respectively), but these differences were no longer significant after allowing for sex and body size. Furthermore, FEF(75) was on average 35 ml s(-1) lower in boys than girls (95% CI: -61, -8). We conclude that diminished airway function in SGA infants shortly after birth appears to be primarily mediated through impaired somatic growth.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2001

Nocturnal hypoxaemia and central-nervous-system events in sickle-cell disease.

BACKGROUND: Central-nervous-system (CNS) events, including strokes, transient ischaemic attacks, and seizures are common in sickle-cell disease. Stroke can be predicted by high velocities in the internal-carotid or middle-cerebral arteries on transcranial doppler ultrasonography. We tested the hypothesis that nocturnal hypoxaemia can predict CNS events better than clinical or haematological features, or transcranial doppler sonography. METHODS: We screened 95 hospital-based patients with sickle-cell disease (median age 7.7 years [range 1.0-23.1]), but without previous stroke, with transcranial doppler and overnight pulse oximetry. Follow-up continued for a median of 6.01 (0.11-8.54) years. FINDINGS: 19 patients had CNS events (six ischaemic and one haemorrhagic stroke, eight transient ischaemic attacks, and four seizures). Mean overnight oxygen saturation ([SaO(2)] hazard ratio 0.82 per 1% increase [95% CI 0.71-0.93]; p=0.003) and higher internal-carotid or middle-cerebral artery velocity (1.02 for every increase of 1 cm/s [1.004-1.03]; p=0.009) were independently associated with time to CNS event. After accounting for mean SaO(2), artery velocity, and haemoglobinopathy, high haemoglobin concentration was also associated with an increased risk of CNS event (1.7 per g/dL, [1.18-2.43]; p=0.004). Dips suggestive of obstructive sleep apnoea did not predict CNS events, and adenotonsillectomy seemed to have no effect, although the CI were wide and clinically important effects cannot be excluded. INTERPRETATION: Screening for, and appropriate management of, nocturnal hypoxaemia might be a safe and effective alternative to prophylactic blood transfusion for primary prevention of CNS events in sickle-cell disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Use of continuous water quality records for hydrograph separation and to assess short-term variability and extremes in acidity and dissolved carbon dioxide for the River Dee, Scotland.

A combination of continuous (15-min) pH, conductivity and temperature measurements and fortnightly spot-sampled water quality data were used to examine temporal variability and extremes in river water quality in an upland Scottish river: the River Dee at Mar Lodge. An empirical relationship was established for Gran-alkalinity by multiple regression against flow and conductivity for the fortnightly data. Applying this relationship to the continuous data, an estimate of continuous Gran-alkalinity was calculated. The continuous Gran-alkalinity record was used as (1) a conservative tracer in a simple two-component mixing model to determine the relative proportions of near-surface runoff and deeper groundwater contributing to stream flow; (2) to deconvolute the contribution of weathering and sea-salt contributions to stream conductivity; and (3) to calculate the excess partial pressure of carbon dioxide in stream water. The episodic variations in pH, weathering and sea-salt conductivity and excess partial pressures of carbon dioxide (EpCO2) associated with high flow events in the River Dee suggest that hydrological pathways play an important role in determining stream chemistry. The results of the hydrograph separation indicate that groundwater provides an important contribution to stream flow, and that there are large and hydrologically active stores of groundwater within the upper River Dee catchment. Sea-salts have an important influence on stream conductivity, particularly with the onset of storm runoff following summer drought periods. This suggests that sea-salts are concentrated in the upper soil horizons by dry deposition and/or evapotranspiration. EpCO2 behaves non-conservatively and shows marked diurnal variability under low-flow conditions during summer, inducing diurnal pH variations, and indicating the importance of within-river biological processes. This study emphasises the very intermittent nature of water quality extremes with stream spates and the diurnal nature of biologically-induced responses. Fortnightly sampling programmes do not capture the range of high flow extremes, and with sampling undertaken during the working day, biological extremes occurring at night are also missed, introducing bias. This study shows the value of continuous measurements for infilling aspects of these intermittent extremes. However, it is also noted that the relatively simple patterns of response observed from the continuous measurements may well belie a much more varied response at the sub-catchment and hillslope scales, as local chemical and hydrological heterogeneities do occur. Thus, the two-component mixing model used is, in practice, based on catchment integrated values for a range of soil water and groundwater endmembers.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2001

Educational attainments in early adolescence of infants who required major neonatal surgery.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess long-term educational attainment in adolescence of former infants who required major neonatal surgery. METHODS: The study is an extension of a prospective longitudinal study begun in 1983 on 30 full-term newborns requiring major neonatal surgery, a matched healthy control group, and full-term infants requiring neonatal intensive care for medical reasons. Educational attainment levels were obtained from the results of compulsory national curriculum examinations taken at age 11 years in 3 core academic subjects, English, Mathematics, and Science and teachers' assessments of current academic performance. Additionally, follow-up data on health were obtained from family general practitioners and parents. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the original surgical group, 48% of the original control group, and 77% of the original medical group underwent follow-up. The participants were aged between 11 and 13 years. After adjustment for social factors (gender, social group, and mother's age), the surgical group was significantly behind on all measures of educational attainment (English, P < .0005; Mathematics, P < .02; Science, P < .0005; academic performance, P = .004), compared with the control group and medical group who did not differ from each other. Independent predictors of outcome were mechanical ventilation for >or=4 days in the neonatal period and behavior problems at 3 years. At 12 months of age, independent predictors of cognitive functioning were length of hospitalization and, at 3 years of age, the number of operative procedures. Mechanical ventilation was not significantly associated with cognitive functioning at previous stages of the study. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that, in early adolescence, children who required major neonatal surgery were performing less well academically compared with their peers. This information can be used to increase awareness of the difficulties these children may experience during childhood so that intervention can be directed appropriately, thereby lessening the risk of later educational problems. J Pediatr Surg 36:858-862.

Achievement↗
PubMed2001

Molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in Nigeria: detection of unusual strains with G2P[6] and G8P[1] specificities.

During an epidemiological study on rotaviruses among diarrheic children in the northeastern and middle belt regions of Nigeria, the distribution of G and P types was investigated in 127 stool specimens. By PCR G typing, the G type of rotaviruses in 97 samples was identified. Interestingly, an unusual G8 type, as well as common G1, G2, and G3 types, was detected more frequently (31 of 112; 27.7%). Eleven samples contained multiple G types, and a G9 strain (Bulumkutu) was identified for one of the probable mixed infections. In PCR P typing, P[6] was detected most frequently, P[8] being the second most common type, while the P type of 73 samples could not be identified. One rotavirus strain with a G8 type specificity could be cultivated in cell culture, and the P type of this strain was found to be P[1], which is usually carried by bovine strains. When the combinations of G and P types were examined, the unusual strains G2P[6] and G8P[1] were often identified. Sequence analysis was performed for the VP7 gene of the G9 strain Bulumkutu and the VP4 and VP7 genes of G8P[1] strain HMG035. The VP7 sequence of the Nigerian serotype G9 was more closely related to that of a Brazilian strain than to those of other African strains. The VP7 and VP4 genes of G8P[1] strain HMG035 were found to be very similar to that of a Thai bovine strain A5, suggesting that bovine strains may have been transmitted directly to humans. These results highlight an unexpected diversity among rotavirus strains in Nigeria and emphasize the need for further serological and genetic surveys on more rotavirus strains in African countries, including Nigeria.

Antigens, Viral↗
PubMed2001

Changes in paediatric resuscitation knowledge among doctors.

AIMS: To investigate whether paediatricians have improved their resuscitation knowledge since 1992, and whether those who have attended a paediatric resuscitation course have greater knowledge than those who have not. METHODS: Telephone survey of 94 resident paediatricians admitting emergency cases. Questions on clinical scenarios were asked and adherence to internationally agreed guidelines in answering was determined. RESULTS: There were significantly more correct answers to 9/10 questions in 1999 compared to 1992. The 1999 doctors who had attended a course scored significantly better in 3/10 questions and achieved a higher total score (5.43 versus 4.55). CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge has improved since 1992; this has been over the period in which paediatric resuscitation courses were introduced. In 1999 those who had been on a course were more knowledgeable than those who had not.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Study size.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Prevalence of breastfeeding at four months in general practices in south London.

BACKGROUND: Successive quinquennial National Infant Feeding Surveys have provided a valuable picture of national and regional variations in infant feeding practices within the United Kingdom. Social variation in breastfeeding has been recognised to be an important source of health inequalities in childhood by the Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. AIM: To determine the prevalence of breastfeeding at birth and at four months in a sample of women from urban general practices, its variation between practices, and relation to practice population deprivation scores. To report the timing of introduction of solid feeds. DESIGN OF STUDY: Cross-sectional questionnaire survey based on a random cluster sample. SETTING: Women with infants aged four months in general practices in South London. METHOD: Mode of infant feeding at birth and four months, and time of introduction of solids. Jarman score as a measure of practice population deprivation. Housing tenure, maternal ethnic group, and maternal age at leaving full-time education. RESULTS: Twenty-five general practices were sampled. Median practice Jarman score was 15.0 (interquartile range [IQR] = 12.6-21.9). Responses were received from 1053 out of 1532 mothers approached (69%). Of these, 87% (897) had breastfed at birth, while 59% (609) were still breastfeeding their babies at four months. Mothers in rented accommodation were less likely to breastfeed than owner-occupiers (odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.52 [0.37-0.74]), as were women of white, compared with those of black, ethnic origin (odds ratio [95% CI] = 0.55 [0.36-0.82]). Those who completed up to two years and more than two years education after the age of 16 were 2.94 (95% CI = 1.85-4.66) and 9.25 (95% CI = 6.02-14.21) more likely to breastfeed at four months, respectively, than mothers whose formal education was completed at or before 16 years. Practice-specific rates of breastfeeding ranged from 71% to 100% at birth (median 87%; IQR = 79-93%) and 22% to 83% at four months (median 61%; interquartile range = 47-66%). The intra-practice correlation coefficient for breastfeeding at four months was 0.052 (within-cluster variance = 0.23, between-cluster variance = 0.013). There was no association between breastfeeding at four months and practice-specific Jarman score. Median age of starting solids was 16 weeks (IQR = 15-17 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: Housing tenure, maternal education, and ethnic group are significantly associated with breastfeeding prevalence at four months. Between-practice variation in breastfeeding prevalence is not associated with measures of practice population deprivation, as assessed by Jarman scores. Consideration should be given to including information on maternal ethnic group and housing tenure in future National Infant Feeding Surveys. Current weaning practices fall short of the recommendation of the World Health Assembly.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

[Frequency of retinal changes in myopia in a black population].

PURPOSE: Retinal detachment is the main complication of peripheral retinal lesions in myopia but seems rare in black people. We analysed peripheral retinal changes in myopia in a black population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This study was conducted by a single ophthalmologist. The tests included a refraction, a retinal biomicroscopy (with a Volk lens and a 3-mirror Goldmann lens) and an indirect ophthalmoscopy. The results were compared by a chi square test. RESULTS: 50 people (100 eyes) were available for examination. The mean age was 28.21 years, the two extremes being at 11 and 54 years, with 68% females and 32% males. In 50 eyes the spheric equivalent was between -1 and -5.75 diopters (group I). In 50 eyes the spheric equivalent was greater than or equal to -6 diopters (group II). Snow was found in 16% of cases in group I and 34% of cases in group II (p = 0.0366). Tears were found in 2% of cases in group I and 12% of cases in group II (p = 0.116). Lattice degeneration was found only in group II. CONCLUSION: Retinal tear frequency was similar to the results of other authors. Comparative studies are necessary to evaluate the risk of retinal detachment in black populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Transcriptional regulation of the expression of macrophage colony stimulating factor.

The regulatory regions for transcriptional control of the MCSF gene are unknown. We examined regulatory control in a 774-bp murine MCSF promoter transfected into MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like and COS-7 cells. Deletion of upstream sequence from -635 increased basal activity of the promoter by at least four-fold, an increase that was maintained when PU.1, NFkappaB and Egr1/Sp1 consensus sequences were subsequently removed. Mutagenesis identified a suppressor element between -635 and -642 from the transcriptional start site and an oligonucleotide representing this sequence was retarded by nuclear cell protein. TNFalpha (1 ng/ml), PTH (5x10(-8) M), and IL-1alpha (100 pg/ml), which increased MCSF protein secretion, failed to enhance the transcriptional rate of the full-length promoter. TNFalpha was able to stimulate transcription of a heterologous reporter transfected into COS-7 containing multiple copies of the murine MCSF NFkappaB site inserted before a minimal promoter. In contrast, deletion of the same NFkappaB response element increased basal activity in the native promoter. Thus, the NFkappaB sequence may act as a negative regulator in the context of the endogenous promoter. Our results indicate that constitutive transcriptional activity conferred by the MCSF promoter may be damped by a suppressor protein. Transcriptional regulation, however, does not appear to be a major stimulatory mechanism for MCSF secretion.

3T3 Cells↗
PubMed2000

Support for breastfeeding mothers.

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding rates at three to four months remain low in many health care settings. In economically advantaged countries, young mothers, those in low-income groups or those who ceased full-time education at an early age are least likely to breastfeed. In poorer countries, more affluent groups may breastfeed less. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this review was to assess the effects of breastfeeding support. SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (last searched March 1998), Medline (from 1993), Embase (from 1980), Cinahl, Midirs (from 1991), English National Health Board database and reference lists of articles. We contacted researchers in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA: Controlled trials of acceptable quality comparing extra support for breastfeeding mothers with usual maternity care. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Data were extracted by one reviewer and checked by the second reviewer. MAIN RESULTS: Thirteen trials were included. The relative risk for stopping exclusive feeding within two months was 0. 83, 95% confidence interval 0.72 to 0.96. The relative risk for stopping breastfeeding within two months was 0.74, 95% confidence interval 0.65 to 0.86. One more mother will breastfeed for two months if support is provided for nine women (95% confidence interval 6 to 21). Similarly, one more woman will breastfeed exclusively if support is given to nine women (95% confidence interval 6 to 40). REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS: The provision of extra support by professionals with special skills in breastfeeding appears to result in more mothers breastfeeding their babies until two months of age, and more mothers breastfeeding their babies exclusively to two months of age.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed2000

Heparin-bonded central venous lines reduce thrombotic and infective complications in critically ill children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether heparin bonding reduces the incidence of catheter-related thrombosis and infection in critically ill children. DESIGN: A prospective double-blind randomized controlled study. SETTING: A tertiary paediatric intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Two hundred and nine patients, 123 males and 86 females, aged 0-16 years, admitted to the intensive care unit and needing a central venous line (CVL), were randomized to receive either a heparin-bonded (HB, n = 102) or a non-heparin-bonded line (NHB, n = 107). Nine patients were excluded owing to incomplete data. INTERVENTION: HB or NHB CVL. MEASUREMENTS: Blood cultures were carried out on insertion of the line and every 3 days thereafter. Ultrasound was performed within the first 3 days and every 3 days thereafter. On removal the line was sent for culture. RESULTS: The two groups were comparable for age, sex, severity of illness and length of time that the catheter was in situ. Proportional hazards modelling showed that heparin bonding was associated with a significant reduction in infections (hazard ratio 0.11, P < 0.00005). The incidence of infection was 4% and 33% in HB and NHB CVLs, respectively (4/97 vs. 34/103, P < 0.0005). The incidence of thrombosis was 0% and 8% in HB and NHB CVLs, respectively (0/97 vs. 8/103, P = 0.006). The number of HB CVLs which would need to be used to avoid one episode of infection or thrombosis was 3 and 13, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our study shows a significant reduction in the incidence of infection and thrombosis associated with the use of HB CVLs.

Adolescent↗