[Emergencies in periodontics (II). Acute gingivitis].
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Emergencies↗
Biomedical subjects
A Wolk
Publications and source records attributed to A Wolk.
Determinants of obesity in relation to socioeconomic status among middle-aged Swedish women.
BACKGROUND: It has been previously demonstrated that obesity is common among women with low socioeconomic status (SES), but the factors accounting for this association are not well known. According to our hypothesis, low SES is associated with psychosocial stress, an unhealthy lifestyle, and reproductive history, which may increase the likelihood of women with low SES to be overweight or obese. METHODS: We examined overweight and obesity in relation to SES among 300 healthy women ages 30-65 years, who constitute the control group of the Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study, a population-based case-control study of women with coronary heart disease. This control group was compared with a large population-based sample and found to be representative of healthy Swedish women ages 30-65 years. We used an aggregate of education and occupation as a measure of SES and defined overweight as body mass index (BMI) between 23.8 and 28.6 kg/m2 and obesity as BMI > 28.6 kg/m2. RESULTS: Low SES was a strong determinant of overweight and obesity among middle-aged healthy Swedish women. The odds of being overweight or obese increased with lower social position. After adjustment for age, the odds ratios for overweight and obesity among women in a low vs high position were 2.2 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 4.4) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.1 to 6.7), respectively. Both low social position and obesity were related to reproductive history (higher parity and earlier age at menarche), unhealthy dietary habits, and unfavorable psychosocial factors (poor quality of life, low self-esteem, and job strain). These factors together explained 53% of the low-SES-obesity association. CONCLUSIONS: Reproductive history, unhealthy dietary habits, and psychosocial stress accounted for a large part of the association between low SES and obesity. Dietary habits and psychosocial stress are potentially modifiable factors, which should be taken into account in intervention programs among women with low SES.
Adult↗
The contribution of epidemiology.
Epidemiologic studies directly contribute data on risk (or benefit) in humans as the investigated species, and in the full food intake range normally encountered by humans. This paper starts with introducing the epidemiologic approach, followed by a discussion of perceived differences between toxicological and epidemiologic risk assessment. Areas of contribution of epidemiology to the risk assessment process are identified, and ideas for tailoring epidemiologic studies to the risk assessment procedures are suggested, dealing with data collection, analyses and reporting of both existing and new epidemiologic studies. The dietary habits and subsequent disease occurrence of over three million people are currently under observation worldwide in cohort studies, offering great potential for use in risk assessment. The use of biomarkers and data on genetic susceptibility are discussed. The paper describes a scheme to classify epidemiologic studies for use in risk assessment, and deals with combining evidence from multiple studies. Using a matrix approach, the potential contribution to each of the steps in the risk assessment process is evaluated for categories of food substances. The contribution to risk assessment of specific food substances depends on the quality of the exposure information. Strengths and weaknesses are summarized. It is concluded that epidemiology can contribute significantly to hazard identification, hazard characterisation and exposure assessment.
Biomarkers↗
Early life risk factors for prostate cancer: a population-based case-control study in Sweden.
We undertook a population-based case-control study to investigate early life risk factors for prostate cancer. Information on dietary habits during childhood and adolescence, childhood environment, pubertal development, and physical activity was collected by face-to-face interviews with 256 (74.6%) of all eligible cases and 252 (76.6%) of all selected controls, frequency matched by age. All potential controls were screened for prostate cancer with negative findings. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated by logistic regression. Analyses of localized (T0-2' M0) and more advanced cancers were made separately. In general, there was no clear association between diet and prostate cancer risk. An increased risk associated with childhood living in more densely populated, compared with rural, areas was found (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.3-3.5); this effect was most apparent for localized cancers (odds ratio = 3.2' 95% confidence interval = 1.7-6.2). There was no substantial association between adult height or body mass index and prostate cancer, but exercise appeared negatively associated with risk (P value for trend, 0.13). We conclude that our study provides some indications that exposures early in life are important in the etiology of prostate cancer.
Adolescent↗