Biomedical subjects

A van Knippenberg

Publications and source records attributed to A van Knippenberg.

7 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

What's in a name: implicit self-esteem and the automatic self.

This article explores the links between implicit self-esteem and the automatic self (D. L. Paulhus, 1993). Across 4 studies, name letter evaluations were positively biased, confirming that implicit self-esteem is generally positive (A. G. Greenwald & M. R. Banaji, 1995). Study 1 found that this name letter bias was stable over a 4-week period. Study 2 found that positive bias for name letters and positive bias for birth date numbers were correlated and that both biases became inhibited when participants were induced to respond in a deliberative manner. Studies 3-4 found that implicit self-evaluations corresponded with self-reported self-evaluations, but only when participants were evaluating themselves very quickly (Study 3) or under cognitive load (Study 4). Together, these findings support the notion that implicit self-esteem phenomena are driven by self-evaluations that are activated automatically and without conscious self-reflection.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Derogation and distancing as terror management strategies: the moderating role of need for closure and permeability of group boundaries.

Previous research has revealed that when individuals are confronted with criticism of a personally relevant group, mortality salience can lead to either derogation of the source of criticism or distancing from the group. In this article, the authors investigated closure as a potential moderator of these reactions. In Study 1, mortality salience led to greater derogation of a critic of a relevant group among high-need-for-closure participants but led to distancing from the group among low need-for-closure participants. Study 2 showed that when a relevant group was criticized, mortality salience led to greater derogation among participants who were led to believe that the boundaries of that group were impermeable but led to greater distancing among participants who were made aware of the permeable nature of the group boundaries. These findings demonstrate that closure of group membership moderates reactions to criticism of a personally relevant group after mortality salience.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The relation between perception and behavior, or how to win a game of trivial pursuit.

The authors tested and confirmed the hypothesis that priming a stereotype or trait leads to complex overt behavior in line with this activated stereotype or trait. Specifically, 4 experiments established that priming the stereotype of professors or the trait intelligent enhanced participants' performance on a scale measuring general knowledge. Also, priming the stereotype of soccer hooligans or the trait stupid reduced participants' performance on a general knowledge scale. Results of the experiments revealed (a) that prolonged priming leads to more pronounced behavioral effects and (b) that there is no sign of decay of the effects for at least 15 min. The authors explain their results by claiming that perception had a direct and pervasive impact on overt behavior (cf. J.A. Bargh, M. Chen, & L. Burrows, 1996). Implications for human social behavior are discussed.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1998

Habit versus planned behaviour: a field experiment.

A field experiment investigated the prediction and change in repeated behaviour in the domain of travel mode choices. Car use during seven days was predicted from habit strength (measured by self-reported frequency of past behaviour, as well as by a more covert measure based on personal scripts incorporating the behaviour), and antecedents of behaviour as conceptualized in the theory of planned behaviour (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention). Both habit measures predicted behaviour in addition to intention and perceived control. Significant habit x intention interactions indicated that intentions were only significantly related to behaviour when habit was weak, whereas no intention-behaviour relation existed when habit was strong. During the seven-day registration of behaviour, half of the respondents were asked to think about the circumstances under which the behaviour was executed. Compared to control participants, the behaviour of experimental participants was more strongly related to their previously expressed intentions. However, the habit-behaviour relation was unaffected. The results demonstrate that, although external incentives may increase the enactment of intentions, habits set boundary conditions for the applicability of the theory of planned behaviour.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Processing goal as moderator of in-group-serving illusory correlations.

This study tested the hypothesis that the effect of in-group-serving expectancy biases on memory and judgement is moderated by processing goal. In-group-serving biases in both recall and judgements (estimated frequencies of desirable and undesirable in-group and out-group behaviour, evaluative ratings) were hypothesized to be stronger when processing goal interfered with online impression formation compared with when attention is focused on the formation of group impressions. This hypothesis was tested in an illusory correlation experiment in which in-group-serving expectancy bias and infrequency bias (Hamilton & Gifford, 1976) could be studied simultaneously. Participants read statements describing desirable and undesirable behaviour of members of the in-group and out-group, while the in-group held either minority or majority status, while participants were instructed either to form group impressions or to memorize the information. As predicted, memorizing compared with impression formation resulted in in-group-serving illusory correlations in recall and frequency estimates and in in-group bias in group evaluations. Infrequency of occurrence affected recall and judgments irrespective of processing goal. The implications of these results for social stereotyping are discussed.

Female↗

PubMed1990

The influence of permeability of group boundaries and stability of group status on strategies of individual mobility and social change.

According to social identity theory, striving of group members for enhancement of their social identity may be resolved through individual mobility (i.e. by dissociation from one's own group in order to gain membership of a higher status group), or by social change (i.e. by upgrading the status position of the in-group as a whole). Individual mobility may only be achieved when group boundaries are permeable; social change is only feasible when group status is unstable. This study investigates how these structural characteristics of the intergroup situation affect group members' preference for the individual mobility or social change strategy. In a laboratory setting subjects were given bogus feedback to induce differential levels of individual ability and group status. Additionally, the permeability of group boundaries and the stability of group status were manipulated. The main results are that, generally, members of high status groups show more satisfaction and in-group identification than members of low status groups. Permeable group boundaries apparently induce a tendency to strive for individual mobility, regardless of the in-group's status position. In relation to members of impermeable groups, members of groups with permeable boundaries show decreased in-group identification; there is evidence of (anticipatory) identification with the higher status group instead. A collective attempt at social change seems to be evoked when group status is unstable. In all groups with unstable status, members indicate their readiness to try to improve their group's status position. Moreover, members of low status groups with unstable status positions show relatively strong in-group identification, despite the lack of positive distinctiveness available to the in-group at the time.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Social comparison processes among cancer patients.

This study focuses on two problems of cancer patients: uncertainty and anxiety. The significance of fellow-patients in coping with uncertainty and anxiety was studied by means of a questionnaire which was completed by 418 patients. The results show that patients who experience uncertainty prefer to address themselves to experts for information. The need for social comparison with fellow-patients increases as information available from experts diminishes. For social comparison patients prefer fellow-patients perceived as equals because they are perceived as most informative. Furthermore, it appears that patients who perceive others as instrumental in reducing uncertainty show a greater need for social comparison as uncertainty increases. Fellow-patients are generally perceived as more informative as more uncertainty is experienced. With increasing anxiety the significance of fellow-patients for evaluation of this anxiety proves to increase. Only at a very high level of anxiety does this significance diminish greatly, presumably because the interaction has negative affective consequences.

Adult↗