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Biomedical subjects

Adrian E Bauman

Publications and source records attributed to Adrian E Bauman.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Measurement and prediction of energy expenditure in males during household and garden tasks.

Participation in at least 30 min of moderate intensity activity on most days is assumed to confer health benefits. This study accordingly determined whether the more vigorous household and garden tasks (sweeping, window cleaning, vacuuming and lawn mowing) are performed by middle-aged men at a moderate intensity of 3-6 metabolic equivalents (METs) in the laboratory and at home. Measured energy expenditure during self-perceived moderate-paced walking was used as a marker of exercise intensity. Energy expenditure was also predicted via indirect methods. Thirty-six males [ X (SD): 40.0 (3.3) years; 179.5 (6.9) cm; 83.4 (14.0) kg] were measured for resting metabolic rate (RMR) and oxygen consumption ( VO(2)) during the five activities using the Douglas bag method. Heart rate, respiratory frequency, CSA (Computer Science Applications) movement counts, Borg scale ratings of perceived exertion and Quetelet's index were also recorded as potential predictors of exercise intensity. Except for vacuuming in the laboratory, which was not significantly different from 3.0 METs ( P=0.98), the MET means in the laboratory and home were all significantly greater than 3.0 ( P</=0.006). The sweeping and vacuuming MET means were significantly higher ( P<0.001) at home than in the laboratory, whereas the converse applied for window cleaning and lawn mowing. Measured RMR was significantly lower ( P<0.001) than the 1-MET constant. Estimating METs by fitting random intercept regression models to the data resulted in standard deviations for the "leave-one-out" prediction errors (predicted-measured) of 0.4 and 0.5 METs for the laboratory and home equations, respectively. While the means indicate that all the activities were performed at a moderate intensity, there was great inter-individual variability in energy expenditure. The laboratory and home-based equations predicted with correct classification rates of 89% and 88%, respectively, whether energy expenditure was <3.0 or >/=3.0 METs.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2003

Getting it right: why bother with patient-centred care?

Patient-centred care is about sharing the management of an illness between patient and doctor; it is not new but is increasingly evidence-based, especially for chronic problems such as diabetes, asthma and arthritis. Systematic reviews show that patient-centred care results in increased adherence to management protocols, reduced morbidity and improved quality of life for patients. Key features of the doctor-patient interaction are shared goal setting, written management plans and regular follow-up. Supportive community-based services and programs, combined with healthcare system commitment, are also required to make this approach effective in improving population health.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Ecological and individual predictors of maternal smoking behaviour. Looking beyond individual socioeconomic predictors at the community setting.

The aim of this study is to examine the prevalence of smoking during pregnancy by the individual mother's sociodemographic characteristics and ecological factors at the community level (suburbs). This analysis combined 1996 Australia Census and data on 3424 women attending Well-Baby-Clinics (WBC) between January 1996 and February 1998 within a region in South Western Sydney (SWS), Australia. The prevalence of maternal smoking was 31%. Maternal factors such as marital status, country of birth, education, occupation, socioeconomic status (SES), and types of antenatal care (ANC) were independent risk factors for maternal smoking. Small area analysis revealed suburbs within SWS with high rates of maternal smoking (47-57%). Community level characteristics such as low income, low educational level, young mothers, and unemployment can explain 85.7% of the variation in maternal smoking in SWS. Smoking during pregnancy is recognised as a serious risk factor to the unborn child. The present study draws attention to local community level factors, other than individual SES, which may be important when developing strategies for maternal smoking prevention programs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Print versus website physical activity programs: a randomized trial.

BACKGROUND: Mediated physical activity interventions can reach large numbers of people at low cost. Programs delivered through the mail that target the stage of motivational readiness have been shown to increase activity. Communication technology (websites and e-mail) might provide a means for delivering similar programs. METHODS: Randomized trial conducted between August and October 2001. Participants included staff at an Australian university (n=655; mean age=43, standard deviation, 10 years). Participants were randomized to either an 8-week, stage-targeted print program (Print) or 8-week, stage-targeted website (Web) program. The main outcome was change in self-reported physical activity. RESULTS: There was no significant increase in total reported physical activity within or between groups when analyzed by intention to treat (F [1,653]=0.41, p=0.52). There was a significant increase in total physical activity reported by the Print participants who were inactive at baseline (t [1,173]=-2.21, p=0.04), and a significant decrease in the average time spent sitting on a weekday in the Web group (t [1,326]=2.2, p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences between the Print and Web program effects on reported physical activity. The Print group demonstrated slightly larger effects and a higher level of recognition of program materials.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Population-based randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention.

BACKGROUND: Intervention trials with self-selected participants have shown that mailed stage-targeted print materials can increase participation in physical activity in the short term. We examined the effects of a mailed stage-targeted print intervention designed to promote physical activity, in a random sample of adults living in a regional city. METHOD: Participants (n = 462, 40-60 years of age) were randomly allocated to an intervention (n = 227) or control group (n = 235). Measures included validated 2-week physical activity recall and stage of motivational readiness for physical activity. The intervention consisted of a single mailing of a letter and full-color stage-targeted booklets (specific to precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, and action/maintenance) 1 week postbaseline. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 2 and 6 months postbaseline. RESULTS: After 2 months, participants in the intervention group were significantly more likely to meet the current American College of Sports Medicine/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendation for sufficient physical activity than those in the control group (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44-3.99). After 6 months, intervention participants who reported receiving and reading the intervention materials were significantly more likely to be meeting the sufficient physical activity criterion compared with the control group (adjusted OR = 2.03; 95% CI = 1.16-3.56). CONCLUSIONS: The stage-targeted print intervention was effective in promoting short-term increases in physical activity and was most effective for participants who recognized and used the materials. This low-cost, generalizable intervention has demonstrated potential as a practical population-based physical activity promotion strategy. Further research is required before widespread dissemination would be justified, as additional strategies may be required to ensure sustained change.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity is a global concern, but diverse physical activity measures in use prevent international comparisons. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed as an instrument for cross-national monitoring of physical activity and inactivity. METHODS: Between 1997 and 1998, an International Consensus Group developed four long and four short forms of the IPAQ instruments (administered by telephone interview or self-administration, with two alternate reference periods, either the "last 7 d" or a "usual week" of recalled physical activity). During 2000, 14 centers from 12 countries collected reliability and/or validity data on at least two of the eight IPAQ instruments. Test-retest repeatability was assessed within the same week. Concurrent (inter-method) validity was assessed at the same administration, and criterion IPAQ validity was assessed against the CSA (now MTI) accelerometer. Spearman's correlation coefficients are reported, based on the total reported physical activity. RESULTS: Overall, the IPAQ questionnaires produced repeatable data (Spearman's rho clustered around 0.8), with comparable data from short and long forms. Criterion validity had a median rho of about 0.30, which was comparable to most other self-report validation studies. The "usual week" and "last 7 d" reference periods performed similarly, and the reliability of telephone administration was similar to the self-administered mode. CONCLUSIONS: The IPAQ instruments have acceptable measurement properties, at least as good as other established self-reports. Considering the diverse samples in this study, IPAQ has reasonable measurement properties for monitoring population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse settings. The short IPAQ form "last 7 d recall" is recommended for national monitoring and the long form for research requiring more detailed assessment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Toward a better understanding of the influences on physical activity: the role of determinants, correlates, causal variables, mediators, moderators, and confounders.

BACKGROUND: For research on physical activity interventions to progress systematically, the mechanisms of action must be studied. In doing so, the research methods and their associated concepts and terminology become more complex. It is particularly important to clearly distinguish among determinants, correlates, mediators, moderators, and confounder variables used in physical activity research. This article examines the factors that are correlated with and that may have a causal relationship to physical activity. METHODS AND RESULTS: We propose that the term "correlate" be used, instead of "determinant," to describe statistical associations or correlations between measured variables and physical activity. Studies of the correlates of physical activity are reviewed. The findings of these studies can help to critique existing theories of health behavior change and can provide hypotheses to be tested in intervention studies from which it is possible to draw causal inferences. Mediator, moderator, and confounder variables can act to influence measured changes in physical activity. Intervening causal variables that are necessary to complete a cause-effect pathway between an intervention and physical activity are termed "mediators." The relationship between an intervention and physical activity behaviors may vary for different groups; the strata by which they vary are levels of "moderators" of the relationship. Other factors may distort or affect the observed relationships between program exposure and physical activity, and are known as "confounders." CONCLUSIONS: Consistent use of terms and additional research on mediators and moderators of intervention effects will improve our ability to understand and influence physical activity.

Behavioral Sciences↗
PubMed2002

Determining energy expenditure during some household and garden tasks.

PURPOSE: This study: a) calculated the reproducibility (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) and precision (technical error of measurement, TEM) for VO2 during moderate paced walking, self-paced sweeping, window cleaning, vacuuming and lawn mowing; b) determined which of the five activities rated >or= 3.0 when exercise intensity was calculated in METs (1 MET or metabolic equivalent = VO2 of 3.5 mL.kg-1.min-1) and multiples of the measured resting metabolic rate (RMR); and c) expanded the limited database on energy expenditure during household and garden activities. METHODS: Twelve men and 12 women (mean +/- SD: 39.3 +/- 3.4 yr; 171.6 +/- 9.6 cm; 81.0 +/- 15.5 kg) were measured for RMR and VO2 during the five activities on two separate days via indirect calorimetry by using the Douglas bag method. RESULTS: The interday ICCs and TEMs for the five activities ranged from 0.81 to 0.97 and from 2.1 to 7.0%, respectively. The means were significantly (P < 0.001) above 3.0 for moderate paced walking (range = 3.3-8.7), sweeping (2.9-6.7), window cleaning (3.0-6.0), vacuuming (2.6-4.4), and lawn mowing (4.9-7.5) when VO2 was divided by measured RMR, but one and five subjects scored below 3.0 for sweeping and vacuuming, respectively. Division of exercise VO2 by the convention of 3.5 mL O2.kg-1.min-1 significantly decreased (P < 0.001) each mean, and lawn mowing (5.0 METs) was the only activity where all subjects scored above 3.0 METs (P < 0.001; 3.8-6.4); nevertheless, the means for walking (3.7 METs), sweeping (3.2 METs), and window cleaning (3.6 METs) were also in the moderate intensity category of 3-6 METs. CONCLUSIONS: These data: a) emphasize that the VO2 during self-paced moderate intensity walking and self-paced household and garden activities can be measured with reproducibility and precision, b) demonstrate that expressing energy expenditure in conventional METs yields lower values than when it is presented as a multiple of measured RMR, c) suggest that all activities except vacuuming are performed at moderate intensity when energy expenditure is expressed in conventional METs, and d) highlight the biological variability in energy expenditure when different people perform the same task.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Correlates of adults' participation in physical activity: review and update.

PURPOSE: To review and update the evidence relating to the personal, social, and environmental factors associated with physical activity (PA) in adults. METHODS: Systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature to identify papers published between 1998 and 2000 with PA (and including exercise and exercise adherence). Qualitative reports or case studies were not included. RESULTS: Thirty-eight new studies were located. Most confirmed the existence of factors already known to be correlates of PA. Changes in status were noted in relation to the influence of marital status, obesity, smoking, lack of time, past exercise behavior, and eight environmental variables. New studies were located which focused on previously understudied population groups such as minorities, middle and older aged adults, and the disabled. CONCLUSION: The newly reported studies tend to take a broader "ecological" approach to understanding the correlates of PA and are more focused on environmental factors. There remains a need to better understand environmental influences and the factors that influence different types of PA. As most of the work in this field still relies on cross-sectional studies, longitudinal and intervention studies will be required if causal relationships are to be inferred.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Epidemiology of physical activity participation among New South Wales school students.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and socio-demographic distribution of physical activity among New South Wales school students in Years 8 and 10. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 2,026 randomly selected NSW high school students in 1997. The survey participants self-reported their physical activity participation during a normal week in summer and winter school terms. RESULTS: During summer school terms, 80.9% and 85.9% of Year 8 and Year 10 boys, respectively, and 80.8% and 77.7% of Year 8 and Year 10 girls, respectively, were adequately active. During winter school terms, 75.6% and 84.0% of Year 8 and Year 10 boys, respectively, and 69.4% and 66.0% of Year 8 and Year 10 girls, respectively, were adequately active. The associations between socio-economic status, urban/rural place of residence and physical activity participation were neither strong nor consistent. There were complex relationships between physical activity participation and cultural background among boys, and large differences between different cultural groups of girls and large declines in participation from Year 8 to Year 10 among girls. CONCLUSIONS: Although the majority of boys and girls are adequately active, it is clear that a smaller proportion of girls than boys are vigorously active, particularly during winter. There were no clear differences across tertiles of SES or place of residence, but there were significant differences between girls from different cultural backgrounds. IMPLICATIONS: Efforts to increase the proportion of young people who are vigorously active should emphasise the needs and interests of girls, particularly those from Middle-Eastem and Asian cultural backgrounds.

Adolescent↗