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Biomedical subjects

Ahmed I El-Sakka

Publications and source records attributed to Ahmed I El-Sakka.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Association of risk factors and medical comorbidities with male sexual dysfunctions.

INTRODUCTION: Conventionally, little attention has been given to the association of risk factors and medical comorbidities with male sexual dysfunctions. Although that association has been recently shown in many studies, it is not yet well investigated in the Saudi community. AIM: To investigate the association of risk factors and medical comorbidities with male sexual dysfunctions in the Saudi community. METHODS: A total of 1,464 male patients with a clinical diagnosis of sexual dysfunctions were enrolled in this study. All patients were assessed for sexual functions using different domains of the International Index for Erectile Function. Patients were also interviewed for sociodemographic data, medical history, and risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED). Routine laboratory investigations, plus total testosterone and prolactin assessments, were offered to all patients. Assessments of penile vasculature using Doppler ultrasonography and rigidometer were performed. RESULTS: A total of 92.6% of the patients had ED, 50.8% had premature ejaculation (PE), and 7.6% had low sexual desire. There was a significant association between increased age and increased severity of ED. In total, 20% had psychogenic cause, whereas 80% had organic cause of ED. Of the patients, 10.2% had mild, 41% had moderate, and 48.8% had severe ED. There were significant associations between endocrinopathy and both low sexual desire and PE (P < 0.05). There were significant associations between increased severity of ED and presence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and psychological disorders. There were significant associations between increased severity of ED and increased values of end diastolic velocity, decreased values of peak systolic velocity, resistive index, rigidometer, and decreased response to intracavernosal injection (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study provides an assessment of the association of risk factors and medical comorbidities with male sexual dysfunctions in ambulatory service in this community.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Age related testosterone depletion in patients with erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: We assessed the pattern of age related testosterone depletion in patients with erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 305 patients with erectile dysfunction who had a normal testosterone level at baseline visit and who completed the study were candidates for analysis. Erectile function was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigations plus total testosterone and prolactin assessment at the baseline visit and on a yearly basis for 4 years. RESULTS: The mean age +/- SD was significantly higher in 210 patients with decreased testosterone (55.3 +/- 7.3 years) than in 95 patients with steady testosterone (remaining within the normal range) (50.8 +/- 10.2 years). There was a significant decrease in yearly mean testosterone level throughout the study in all the age groups (determined by decades) older than 30 years. Of the study population 68.9% had decreases in testosterone levels throughout the 4 years of visits. Hypogonadism (testosterone lower than normal range) developed in 7.6% of the study population. There was a significant decrease in mean testosterone at any visit in comparison to previous visits. There were significant associations between decreased levels of testosterone and increased severity of erectile dysfunction at baseline visit, longer duration and poor metabolic control of diabetes, ischemic heart disease, hyperprolactinemia and low desire. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly demonstrated a decrease in testosterone level throughout the 4-year followup in patients with erectile dysfunction. Patients with decreasing testosterone were older than patients with a steady testosterone level.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with erectile dysfunction: analysis of risk factors.

INTRODUCTION: The association between erectile dysfunction (ED) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is unclear. Conventionally, little attention has been given to the association between ED and LUTS. AIM: To evaluate ED risk factors in patients with LUTS. METHODS: A total of 476 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. They were interviewed for ED by using the International Index of Erectile Function. All patients were screened for socio-demographic data and risk factors for ED that included age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, ischemic heart disease (IHD), dyslipidemia, and psychological disorders. All patients were also screened for LUTS by using the International Prostate Symptoms Score. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigation in addition to testosterone and prolactin assessment. RESULTS: Mean age +/- SD were 55.1 +/- 8.7 years and 40.4 +/- 11.2 years for patients with and without LUTS, respectively. Of the patients, 27.6% had mild, 30% had moderate, and 42.4% had severe ED. Seventy-seven percent of the patients had LUTS; of those, 22.8% had mild, 42% had moderate, and 35.2% had severe grades. Significant associations between LUTS and both the longer duration and the increased severity of ED were detected. There were also significant associations between LUTS and the following ED risk factors: age, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and IHD. Presence of at least one risk factor was significantly associated with LUTS in patients with ED. CONCLUSIONS: ED risk factors are very prevalent among patients with LUTS. The current study supports previous studies suggesting that LUTS were significantly associated with ED. Furthermore, a significant association between the increased severity of LUTS and the increased severity of ED was confirmed.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Prevalence of Peyronie's disease among patients with erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To assess the prevalence of Peyronie's disease (PD) among patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,440 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were interviewed for ED using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). All patients were also screened for socio-demographic data and risk factors for ED that included age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD), and psychological disorders. The diagnosis of PD was based on a palpable penile plaque or acquired penile curvature. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigation in addition to testosterone and prolactin assessment. RESULTS: Mean ages +/-SD were 54.1 +/- 6.9 (range 42-71) and 52.5 +/- 11.9 (range 20-84) years for patients with and without PD respectively. Of the patients, 11.8% had mild, 38.3% had moderate and 49.9% had severe ED. 7.9% of the patients had PD. Significant associations between PD and both the longer duration and the increased severity of ED were detected. There were also significant associations between PD and the following socio-demographic risk factors of ED: age, obesity, smoking, duration and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Concomitant diseases and medical comorbidities such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, psychological disorders and the presence of at least one risk factor were significantly associated with PD in patients with ED. CONCLUSIONS: Peyronie's disease was not rare among the study population. There were significant associations between ED risk factors and PD. Further studies are needed to investigate how much ED and PD influence each other.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with erectile dysfunction: is there a vascular association?

OBJECTIVE: To assess if there is an underlying vascular association between lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 374 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were interviewed for ED using the International Index of Erectile Function. Assessments for penile vasculature using color Doppler ultrasonography and rigidometer were performed. All patients were also screened for LUTS using the International Prostate Symptoms Score. All patients underwent routine laboratory investigation, plus total testosterone and prolactin assessment. RESULTS: Mean age+/-SD was 54.4+/-8.9 years with an age range of 28-84 years. Eighty-five percent of the patients had organic causes of ED. Of the patients, 80.7% had different degrees of LUTS. There was a significant association between presence of LUTS and: arteriogenic and neurogenic causes of ED, poor response to intracorporeal injection, poor rigidity in the rigidometer, and low peak systolic velocity of the cavernosal arteries (p < 0.05 for each). No significant association was found between presence of LUTS and increasing values of end diastolic velocity or decreasing values of resistive index of the cavernosal arteries (p > 0.05 for each). There was a significant association between the higher degrees of LUTS and the decreasing values of peak systolic velocity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that reduced peak systolic velocity of the cavernous artery does associate with LUTS in patients with erectile dysfunction. Further studies are warranted to address the underlying vascular mechanisms of ED in patients with LUTS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Peyronie's disease in diabetic patients being screened for erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: We assessed the prevalence of Peyronie's disease (PD) in type 2 diabetic patients who were screened for erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1,133 male diabetic Saudi patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were screened for ED using the International Index for Erectile Function. At the screening time, all patients were also interviewed for sociodemographic data and risk factors for ED and diabetes that included age, obesity, smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease and psychological disorders. Medical history included diabetes, duration of diabetes and diabetes related complications. The diagnosis of Peyronie's disease was based on a palpable penile plaque or acquired penile curvature. RESULTS: Mean age +/- SD for the study sample was 53.9 +/- 10.8 years. Of the patients, 8.1% were diagnosed as having PD. Penile plaque and curvature were the most common findings. About 75% of the patients had long duration and progressive course of their complaint. Significant associations between PD and both ED and longer duration ED were detected. There were also significant associations between PD and age, obesity, smoking, duration and number of cigarettes smoked per day. Dyslipidemia, psychological disorders and presence of at least 1 risk factor were significantly associated with PD. There were significant associations between longer duration and poor metabolic control of diabetes and PD. CONCLUSIONS: Peyronie's disease was prevalent among diabetic patients being screened for ED. The study offered a quantitative estimate of the prevalence of PD, and investigated the association of main risk factors and comorbidities of diabetes and ED with PD.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Pattern of endocrinal changes in patients with sexual dysfunction.

INTRODUCTION: Many patients with endocrinal changes (endocrinopathy) have some degrees of sexual dysfunction that necessitate assessment and treatment. AIM: To assess the prevalence, and identify the pattern, of endocrinopathy in patients with sexual dysfunction in our community. METHODS: A total of 1,248 male patients with sexual dysfunction were enrolled in this study. Patients were screened for erectile dysfunction (ED) and sexual desire by the erectile function and the sexual desire domains of the International Index of Erectile Function (IEEF). Patients underwent routine laboratory investigations as well as total testosterone and prolactin assessment. All patients were referred to an endocrinologist for clinical and biochemical assessment of their endocrine function. The evaluation consisted of comprehensive history taking, physical examination, and, as needed, laboratory investigations. RESULTS: Mean ages+/-SD were 51.9+/-12.2 and 52.3+/-11.7 years for patients with and without endocrinopathy, respectively. Of the study population, 23.8% had endocrinopathy. The most frequent endocrinal changes were low testosterone level (15%), hyperprolactinemia (13.7%), and hypothyroidism (3.1%). There were significant associations between endocrinopathy and obesity, smoking, low desire, and premature ejaculation (P<0.05 for each). Also, significant associations were found between low desire and low testosterone level, hyperprolactinemia, and hypothyroidism (P<0.05 for each). Hyperprolactinemia was significantly associated with premature ejaculation (P<0.05) but not with low testosterone level (P>0.05). There was no significant association between endocrinopathy and age, cigarette smoking (number and duration), and ED (duration, severity, type of onset, and progression) (P>0.05 for each). CONCLUSION: Endocrinopathy is not a rare condition among ambulatory patients with sexual dysfunction. This study provides a quantitative estimate of endocrinopathy in ambulatory patients with sexual dysfunction.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2005

Prostatic specific antigen in patients with hypogonadism: effect of testosterone replacement.

INTRODUCTION: The effect of parenteral testosterone replacement therapy on prostatic specific antigen (PSA) level or the development or growth of prostate cancer is unclear. AIM: To assess the effect of testosterone replacement on PSA level in patients with hypogonadism associated with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: A total of 187 male patients above the age of 45 with hypogonadism associated with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were screened for ED by the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Patients underwent routine laboratory investigations, plus total testosterone, and PSA assessment. Replacement treatment with parenteral testosterone every 2-4 weeks for 1 year was instituted. Total testosterone and PSA serum levels were assessed every 3 months during the treatment course. RESULTS: Mean age +/- SD was 62.8 +/- 11.4. Of the patients 87.7% were sexually active. Of the patients 10.2% had mild, 40.6% had moderate and 49.2% had severe ED. Of the study population, 62.5% had ED complaints for less than 5 years and 84.5% had gradual onset of their complaint. The majority of the patients (91.4%) had either progressive or stationary course while the minority reported regressive course and improvement of the condition. There was a significant increase of the post-treatment testosterone level in comparison to pretreatment level (P < 0.05). No significant increase in the post-treatment PSA level in comparison to pretreatment (P > 0.05). No significant difference between pre- and post-treatment categories of PSA level (normal, borderline, high) in relation to the severity of ED (P > 0.05). There was no significant association between PSA level and the duration of testosterone replacement therapy in the study population (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrated that the level of PSA was not significantly changed after 1 year of testosterone replacement therapy in patients with hypogonadism associated with ED.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Cardiovascular system as a 'core' of sexual life.

Erectile dysfunction is a common worldwide clinical problem with tens of thousands of new cases per year. It has been argued that erectile dysfunction, like cardiovascular disease and other age-related disorders can be attributed, at least in part, to such modifiable para-aging phenomena.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2004

Efficacy of sildenafil citrate in treatment of erectile dysfunction: effect of type 2 diabetes.

PURPOSE: To assess efficacy of sildenafil citrate in treatment of erectile dysfunction: effect of type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 466 male patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) were enrolled in this study. Of them 382 were diabetic and 84 were non-diabetic. Patients were screened for ED using the erectile function domain of the International Index for Erectile Function (IIEF). Patients underwent routine laboratory investigations, in addition to total testosterone and prolactin assessment. To assess the effect of diabetes on efficacy of sildenafil, we compared the pre and post sildenafil responses to erectile function domain, Q3, Q4. Overall satisfaction and global efficacy question (GEQ) were also assessed. RESULTS: Mean age +/- S.D. was 53 +/- 8.4 and 49.7 +/- 10.6 years for patients with and without diabetes respectively. There were significant associations between increased severity of ED and longer duration, poor metabolic control and presence of more than one diabetes-related complication (p < 0.05 for each). Differences were significant between pre and post sildenafil administration regarding erectile function domain, Q3, Q4 (p < 0.05 for each). In the non-diabetic patients the GEQ and the overall satisfaction were significantly higher than in diabetics (p < 0.05 for each). Global efficacy question was significantly low in patients with fair and poor metabolic control, longer duration of diabetes, and patients with diabetic complications (p < 0.05 for each). CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil is an effective treatment for diabetic patients with ED. Although the efficacy of sildenafil was negatively affected by factors as poor control and longer duration of diabetes and presence of more than one diabetes-related complication, however, the global efficacy and the overall patients' satisfaction were high.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2004

Screening for ischemic heart disease in patients with erectile dysfunction: role of penile Doppler ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the role of measuring cavernosal artery blood flow as a screening tool for ischemic heart disease in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: A total of 303 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were interviewed for ED using the International Index of Erectile Function. The penile vasculature was assessed using color Doppler ultrasonography and the Digital Inflection Rigidometer. All patients were referred to a cardiologist for evaluation of ischemic heart disease (IHD). All patients underwent routine laboratory investigations, plus total testosterone and prolactin assessments. RESULTS: Seventy-six percent of the patients had organic causes of ED. Of the 303 patients, 31.4% had different degrees of IHD. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of IHD and arteriogenic causes of ED, a poor response to intracorporal injection, poor rigidity in the Digital Inflection Rigidometer, and low peak systolic velocity (PSV) in the cavernosal arteries (P <0.05 for each). No statistically significant association was found between the presence of IHD and increasing end-diastolic velocity values or decreasing resistive index in the cavernosal arteries (P >0.05 for each). A statistically significant association was found between a higher grade of IHD and a decreasing PSV value (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study established that a reduced PSV of the cavernous artery is associated with IHD. Determining the PSV could be a reliable screening tool for the detection of IHD in patients with ED.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Coronary artery risk factors in patients with erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the risk factors of coronary artery disease in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 417 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were interviewed for ED using the International Index of Erectile Function. All patients were also screened for sociodemographic data and risk factors for ischemic heart disease (IHD), including age, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and psychological disorders. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigation plus testosterone and prolactin assessment. All patients were referred to a cardiologist for IHD evaluation. RESULTS: Mean age +/- SD was 59.1 +/- 10.3 years. Of the patients 27.3% were younger than 50 years, 37.2% were current or former smokers, and 27.6% had mild, 30% had moderate and 42.4% had severe ED. Of the patients 26.9% had different degrees of IHD, of whom 84.8% were older than 50 years. There was a significant association between age and IHD (p <0.05). There were significant associations between IHD, and the increased severity and progressive course of ED (each p <0.05). Furthermore, higher degrees of IHD were significantly associated with severe ED. Diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and psychological disorders were present in 75.1%, 39.3%, 45.6% and 8.2% of the patients, respectively. Overall 92.1% of the patients with ED had 1 or more coronary artery risk factors. The presence of at least 1 risk factor is significantly associated with ED in patients with IHD (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Coronary artery risk factors are significantly associated with erectile dysfunction. A significant association between higher degrees of IHD and the increased severity of ED was detected.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Penile axial rigidity and Doppler ultrasonography parameters in patients with erectile dysfunction: association with type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between diabetes and changes in penile Doppler ultrasonography and axial penile rigidity parameters in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: A total of 1023 male patients with ED were enrolled in this study. Patients were assessed for ED using the International Index of Erectile Function. All patients were also interviewed to obtain medical history, including history of diabetes, duration of diabetes, and diabetes-related complications. Patients underwent routine laboratory investigations, glycosylated hemoglobin, free testosterone, and prolactin assessment. All patients were offered additional assessment for erectile function using color Doppler ultrasonography and the Rigidometer. Of the 1023 patients, 627 accepted additional assessment, of whom 481 had diabetes and 146 did not. RESULTS: The mean age +/- SD was 51.7 +/- 9.7 years. Patients had varying degrees of ED-mild in 10.8%, moderate in 36.9%, and severe in 52.3%. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of diabetes and a poor response to intracorporeal injection and decreasing peak systolic velocity values and Rigidometer values (P <0.001 for each). No statistically significant association was found between the presence of diabetes and increasing values of end-diastolic velocity or decreasing values of the resistive index (P >0.05 for each). In diabetic patients, a statistically significant association was noted between a longer duration of diabetes, poor control of diabetes, and the presence of more than one diabetes-related complication and a decreasing response to intracorporeal injection, decreasing values of peak systolic velocity, resistive index, and Rigidometer, and increasing values of end-diastolic velocity (P <0.05 for each). CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus negatively affects patients' response to intracorporeal injection and is associated with low peak systolic velocity and poor penile axial rigidity.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Erectile dysfunction risk factors in noninsulin dependent diabetic Saudi patients.

PURPOSE: We assessed the prevalence of and analyzed risk factors for erectile dysfunction in patients with noninsulin dependent diabetes in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 562 male diabetic Saudi patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were screened for erectile dysfunction using the International Index of Erectile Function. At the time of screening patients were also interviewed for sociodemographic data, including age, education, occupation, marital status and smoking. Medical history included diabetes, diabetes related complications, risk factors for diabetes and erectile dysfunction, and current medication. RESULTS: Mean age of the study sample was 53.7 years (range 27 to 84). Of the patients 86.1% had various degrees of erectile dysfunction, including mild in 7.7%, moderate in 29.4% and severe in 49.1%. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction was 25% in patients younger than 50 years, which increased to 75% in those older than 50 years. Of those without erectile dysfunction 70% were younger and 30% were older than 50 years (p = 0.0001). Patients with a history of diabetes of greater than 10 years were 3 times as likely to report erectile dysfunction as those with a history of less than 5 years. Men with poor metabolic control were 12.2 times as likely to report erectile dysfunction as those with good metabolic control. Of diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction 53% had 1 or more diabetic related complications compared with 20.5% with no erectile dysfunction (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Erectile dysfunction is common in diabetic Saudi men. This study provides a quantitative estimate of the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and its main risk factors in diabetic Saudi patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Premature ejaculation in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

Aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and to analyse risk factors for premature ejaculation (PE) in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. A total of 676 male diabetic patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were screened for PE. At the screening time, patients were also interviewed for sociodemographic data that included age, education, occupation and marital status. Medical history included diabetes, duration of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Clinical and laboratory assessment included body mass index and glycosylated haemoglobin. Mean age for the study sample was 53.4 +/- 10.4 years. The prevalence of PE was 32.4% in patients below 50 years, which increased to 67.6% in patients above 50 years. Of patients without PE, 31.4% were below 50 years compared with 68.6% above 50 years of age (p > 0.05). Patients with >10 years of diabetes were 2.7 times as likely to report PE as men with diabetes of <5 years (p < 0.05). Men with poor metabolic control were 9.6 times as likely to report PE as those with good metabolic control (p < 0.05). Patients without PE were four times as likely to have normal erectile function as those with PE (p < 0.05). There was a significant association between PE and cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.05). PE is common among diabetic patients. The study offers a quantitative estimate of the prevalence of PE and its main risk factors in diabetic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effect of vascular endothelial growth factor on a rat model of traumatic arteriogenic erectile dysfunction.

PURPOSE: We tested the hypothesis that intracavernous injection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) can restore erectile function in a rat model of traumatic arteriogenic erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exploration of bilateral internal iliac arteries was performed in 50, 3-month-old male rats. A total of 44 rats underwent bilateral ligation of the internal iliac arteries and 6 that underwent exploration only served as the sham operated group. Minutes later intracavernous injection of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) plus bovine serum albumin in 16 rats, 2 microg. VEGF plus PBS plus BSA in 12 and 4 microg. VEGF plus PBS plus BSA in 16 was performed. At weeks 1, 2 and 6 about a third of the rats in each group underwent electrostimulation of the cavernous nerves to assess erectile function and were then sacrificed. Penile tissues were collected for histochemical and electron microscopy examinations. RESULTS: No impairment of erectile function was noted in sham operated rats. Immediately after arterial ligation all rats showed little or no erectile response to neurostimulation. In PBS treated rats modest recovery of erectile function was noted at week 6. Significant recovery of erectile function was noted in VEGF treated rats at weeks 1 and 2 in the 4 microg. group only and at week 6 in the 2 and 4 microg. groups. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase staining showed a reduction in neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive nerve fibers in the dorsal or intracavernous nerves at week 1. Moderate recovery of neuronal nitric oxide synthase positive nerve fibers was noted in the 2 and 4microg. VEGF treated groups but not in the PBS treated group. Electron microscopy revealed no pathological change in sham operated rats. In dorsal nerves the atrophy of myelinated and nonmyelinated nerve fibers was noted in ligated plus PBS treated rats. Partial recovery was observed in VEGF treated rats. Scattered atrophic smooth muscle cells were seen in PBS and occasionally in VEGF treated rats but not in the sham operated group. The most dramatic findings in VEGF treated rats were hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the endothelial cells, especially those lining the small capillaries. CONCLUSIONS: Ligation of bilateral internal iliac arteries produced a reliable animal model of traumatic arteriogenic erectile dysfunction. Intracavernous injection of VEGF minutes after arterial ligation facilitated the recovery of erectile function.

Animals↗