PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

Anna B Gilmore

Publications and source records attributed to Anna B Gilmore.

10 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Tobacco industry influence on science and scientists in Germany.

Using tobacco industry documents, we examined how and why the tobacco industry sought to influence science and scientists in Germany as a possible factor in explaining the German opposition to stricter tobacco regulation. Smoking and health research programs were organized both separately by individual tobacco companies and jointly through their German trade organization. An extensive network of scientists and scientific institutions with tobacco industry links was developed. Science was distorted in 5 ways: suppression, dilution, distraction, concealment, and manipulation. The extent of tobacco industry influence over the scientific establishment in Germany is profound. The industry introduced serious bias that probably influenced scientific and public opinion in Germany. This influence likely undermined efforts to control tobacco use.

Biomedical Research↗
PubMed2005

International cooperation and health. Part I: Issues and concepts.

The world is increasingly shaped by powerful global forces, many of which have consequences for human health and the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health are increasingly determined at a supranational level. As a result, local or national level efforts to influence health determinants can have only a limited impact and it is all too easy for the individual public health practitioner to feel powerless. Yet while public health practitioners, on their own, may indeed be comparatively powerless, together they can achieve a great deal. Part I of this glossary explores a range of issues that arise as they seek to make a difference.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed2005

International cooperation and health. Part 2: making a difference.

The world is increasingly shaped by powerful global forces, many of which have consequences for human health and the social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health are increasingly determined at a supranational level. As a result, local or national level efforts to influence health determinants can have only a limited impact and it is all too easy for the individual public health practitioner to feel powerless. Yet while public health practitioners, on their own, may indeed be relatively powerless, together they can achieve a great deal. Part 2 of this glossary explores some of the strategies that they can use as they seek to make a difference.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2003

Prevalence and determinants of smoking in Tirana city, Albania: a population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the leading cause of premature death in Europe yet there are still many countries in which there is little information on its patterns and determinants. Albania is one such country. METHODS: A survey of health and lifestyle, including questions on smoking practice and attitudes, and its determinants was undertaken in Tirana, the capital of Albania in mid 2001. SUBJECTS: One thousand one hundred and twenty adults aged 25 years and over (response rate 72.7%). RESULTS: Forty-one percent of the study population (61% male and 24% female) were current or ex-smokers-28% were current smokers (37.6% of males and 19.3% of females) and 13% were ex-smokers (23.4% of males and 4.7% of females). Age-standardized (to the European standard population) prevalence of smoking for the adult population of Tirana was 31.2% (42.8% in males and 21.2% in females). Smoking was most common among those aged 25-34 years (59% of males and 30% of females in this age group). Of the current smokers, 16.5% smoked more than 20 cigarettes/day, and 67.3% smoked the first cigarette within 30 min of waking. Only 11% of current smokers had tried to quit smoking once during their life. Concern about health was the most common reason for quitting cited by ex-smokers (44%). In men, smoking was inversely associated with educational achievement. While the probability of smoking decreases with age, there was no consistent association with employment or income. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of smoking in Albania is comparable with other Western societies. The high rates of smoking among young men and women suggest that tobacco will make an increasingly large contribution to premature morbidity and mortality in the future. The high rate of smoking among young women in Albania, while a common phenomenon in post-communist countries, is especially worrying. This study emphasizes the need for a robust, evidence-based strategy for tobacco control in Albania.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pushing up smoking incidence: plans for a privatised tobacco industry in Moldova.

Moldova, one of the former Soviet republics and Europe's poorest country, has so far resisted pressure to privatise its tobacco industry. This paper examines the policies pursued by the transnational tobacco companies in Moldova in order to inform the ongoing debate about tobacco industry privatisation. We analysed relevant internal industry documents made public through litigation. The documents suggest that although a competitive tender for the state owned monopoly was later announced, British American Tobacco (BAT) and the German manufacturer Reemtsma each initially sought to secure a closed deal, with BAT accusing Reemtsma of underhand tactics. Imperial Tobacco, which now owns Reemstma, was unable to comment on these allegations as it only acquired Reemstma after the events in question. BAT sought to acquire a monopoly position, bolstered by excise rules developed by the company that would uniquely favour its products. Despite hoping to establish a monopoly, it planned intensive marketing, as if in a competitive market, aiming to target young urban dwellers, particularly opinion leaders. In so doing it predicted that smoking uptake would increase, especially among women. The documents also suggest that BAT was aware of the sensitive nature of its plans to cull the processing workforce and aimed to present "sanitised" information on future employment levels to the Moldovans. The potential for tobacco industry privatisation to undermine tobacco control and promote cigarette consumption is highlighted and is consistent with economic theory. Countries planning tobacco industry privatisation should ensure a transparent and competitive privatisation process, seek to prevent the predicted increase in consumption by implementing effective tobacco control policies and consider the impacts on employment. Multilateral financial organisations promoting tobacco industry privatisation could ensure their loan conditions protect public health by making the implementation of tobacco control policies a pre-requisite for privatisation.

Female↗