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Biomedical subjects

Anne Campbell

Publications and source records attributed to Anne Campbell.

17 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Expression of bcl-2 family members in malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Little is known about the Bcl-2 family members in mesothelioma. These proteins are involved in the control of apoptosis, carrying out both pro- and anti- apoptotic functions. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the expression of p53 and Bcl-2 family members in 54 archival mesothelioma samples (39 epithelial, 15 sarcomatoid tumours). Overexpression of p53 was observed in 81% (44/54). For anti-apoptotic proteins, overexpression was recorded as follows: Bcl-2 40% (22/54), Bcl-XL 24% (13/54), Mcl-1 92% (50/54). For pro-apoptotic proteins, loss of expression was recorded as follows: Bad 25% (14/54), Bak 24% (13/54), Bax 42% (23/54), Bid 37% (20/54), Bim 18% (10/54). Statistically significant differences between epithelial and sarcomatoid tumours were observed for Bid (p < 0.001), Bad (p = 0.012) and Bcl-XL (p = 0.03). Significant differences in abnormal expression of apoptosis proteins were found between epithelial and sarcomatoid subtypes but histological subtype was the only factor with significant association to patient prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Gender differences in social representations of aggression: the phenomenological experience of differences in inhibitory control?

Women are more likely than men to experience acts of aggression as expressive (a loss of self-control) than as instrumental (control over others). We propose that this might arise from differences in behavioural restraint. If women have better inhibitory control, aggressive behaviour should occur less frequently yet should be experienced as more emotionally 'out of control' because women can tolerate higher levels of anger before inhibitory control is breached. Participants (N = 606) aged 13-24 completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2) and Expagg. A more expressive view of aggression was associated with higher levels of STAXI anger control and higher levels of MPQ constraint. However, it was the harm avoidance component of constraint, rather than control versus impulsivity, that was the stronger predictor. While behavioural inhibition is built on an infrastructure of fear, the latter may be more important in explaining gender differences in social representations of aggression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Immunohistochemical detection of apoptotic markers in gastric cancer.

Apoptosis proteins may play a role in prognosis and therapy response; however, they have not been fully investigated in gastric cancer. We aimed to assess the expression of proteins in the Bcl-2 family. Immunohistochemistry was employed to examine the expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL and the proapoptotic proteins Bad, Bak, Bax, Bid, Bim, and p53 in 21 cases of gastric cancer. Immunopositivity was observed in 12/21 (57%) cases for p53, 16/21 (76%) cases for Bcl-XL, and 5/21 (23%) cases for Bcl-2. For the proapoptotic members of the Bcl family, loss of protein expression was observed: Bid (14/21 cases; 66%), Bad (13/21 cases; 61%), Bax (12/21 cases; 57%), Bak (9/21 cases; 42%), and Bim (4/21 cases; 19%). This study identified apoptosis proteins that exhibit heterogeneous expression between primary gastric carcinomas.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Spiritual care for sick children of five world faiths.

The holistic care of those with a specific religious faith and those with a spiritual belief is important for good family-centred care. Within a busy clinical setting an important aspect of spiritual care is enabling participation in religious observance, where desired. Children's nurses, midwives and hospital chaplains are instrumental in striving to ensure that both a suitable environment and appropriate spiritual support are offered. According to data from the 2001 census for England, Wales and Scotland, the most common religious affiliations after Christianity are Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Jewish and Buddhist. This article considers the rites, rituals or ceremonies for each of these religions which are deemed both necessary and helpful after birth or when a child is sick or dying.

Buddhism↗
PubMed2005

The expression of Bcl-2 family proteins differs between nonsmall cell lung carcinoma subtypes.

BACKGROUND: Proteins of the Bcl-2 family play a key role in the control of apoptosis and carry out both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic functions. However, with the exception of Bcl-2 itself, little is known about the expression of these potentially critical proteins in nonsmall cell lung carcinoma. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was used to study the expression of Bcl-2 and 6 other Bcl-2 family proteins in a pilot series of 41 archival nonsmall cell lung carcinoma specimens (19 adenocarcinomas and 22 squamous cell carcinomas). RESULTS: Overexpression of the apoptosis inhibitors Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) was observed in 10 of 41 samples (24%) and in 11 of 41 samples (27%), respectively. Loss of expression of proapoptotic proteins was observed as follows: Bak, 24 of 41 samples (59%); Bad, 21 of 41 samples (51%); Bid, 20 of 41 samples (49%); Bax, 14 of 41 samples (34%); and Bim/Bod, 2 of 41 samples (5%). Statistically significant differences in expression between adenocarcinoma samples and squamous cell carcinoma samples were observed for Bcl-X(L) (overexpression in 11 of 19 adenocarcinomas [58%] vs. 0 of 22 squamous cell carcinomas [0%]; P < 0.001) and for Bad (loss of expression in 5 of 19 adenocarcinomas [26%] vs. 16 of 22 squamous cell carcinomas [73%]; P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Although this was only a pilot study, the results revealed significant differences in the expression of apoptosis-related proteins both between individual samples of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma and between the two main histologic subtypes. Such differences may play a role in the development of lung tumors; and, if it is found that these differences are of clinical importance, then it may be required to regard nonsmall cell lung carcinoma subtypes as separate entities rather than as one disease.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Female competition: causes, constraints, content, and contexts.

Monogamy tends to equalise mate competition between the sexes. However, women show greater restraint in their use of direct intrasexual aggression, which, I argue, is a result of their higher parental investment and the consequently greater reproductive cost of injury or death. Women usually compete for mates by advertising qualities valued by men (beauty and sexual exclusiveness) and by using indirect means of denigrating rivals (through gossip and stigmatisation). However, where well-resourced men are in short supply, women must find alternative sources of support or escalate their competition for male partners to physical levels. Data from criminology, psychology, evolutionary biology, and anthropology are used to support these proposals.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

A longitudinal study of gender-related cognition and behaviour.

Gender schema theory proposes that children's acquisition of gender labels and gender stereotypes informs gender-congruent behaviour. Most previous studies have been cross-sectional and do not address the temporal relationship between knowledge and behaviour. We report the results of a longitudinal study of gender knowledge and sex-typed behaviour across three domains in children tested at 24 and 36 months (N = 56). Although both knowledge and sex-typed behaviour increased significantly between 2 and 3 years, there was no systematic pattern of cross-lagged correlations between the two, although some concurrent relationships were present at 24 months. Future longitudinal work might profitably focus on younger children using reliable preverbal measures of gender knowledge and employing a shorter lag between measurement times.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2004

Improving retention and motivation in non-clinical dialysis employees.

For no additional expense, little intrusion into the schedule or duties of the day, and no additional personnel to hire, dialysis facilities can make a dramatic impact on the training, motivation, and retention of employees through the use of classes designed specifically for the needs of newly employed non-clinical personnel. In today's world where many are expected to do a task with little or no orientation to the overall values and goals of the organization and how their tasks matter, what other action can accomplish so much for employee motivation and retention for so little time and expense? At DCI Mid-Missouri this program has been successful in retaining many excellent employees over many years and has been part of an ongoing effort to increase employees' interest and commitment to their work and the organization. It has also made them much more aware of treatments, other personnel and most of all, of our patients and their needs. It fulfills the needs of humans to be valued and have meaningful work. It contains costs and helps efficiency and productivity. Most of all, it keeps excellent people on the job and enjoying their work more than they would have. Participants' words when evaluating the most recent series of classes speak for themselves in demonstrating these important benefits that can be achieved easily in dialysis facilities throughout the United States and the world.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

Protecting the interests of the child bone marrow donor.

At a time when designer babies have been created to act as cord blood donors to sick siblings, ethical debate has focused predominantly on the extent to which it is acceptable to create one human being to assist another. However, children are frequently used this way, by their families and doctors who extract their bone marrow, to try to save the life of another, usually a sibling. With any life-threatening illness, there is the possibility that the urgency of the sick sibling's need means that the short-term welfare of the donor child receives less attention than it should by parents and doctors. This article suggests ways to protect the interests of such children and empower them within the decision-making process and concludes that the drive to save life must be tempered by recognition of the intrinsic worth of donor children and their rights not to be exploited.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed2002

Slowing the progression of chronic renal failure: economic benefits and patients' perspectives.

Because of the predicted increase in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence (projected increase from 1998 to 2010; 86,825 to 172,667), prevalence (projected increase from 1998 to 2010; 326,217 to 661,330), and cost (total cost based on 1998 ratio of Medicare versus non-Medicare cost; $16.74 billion in 1998 to $39.35 billion in 2010), a cohesive national effort is needed to develop strategies to slow the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF). The question arises to how much reduction in the progression of CRF would lead to a meaningful decrease in the prevalence and cost of ESRD. There are no objective data that show the economic impact of slowing the progression of CRF. We developed a mathematical model to assess the economic impact of decreasing the progression of CRF by 10%, 20%, and 30%. US Renal Data System (USRDS) projections were used to model the rate of increase in ESRD incidence and prevalence. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the initiation of ESRD therapy and cost per patient-year were based on USRDS data. The average decline in GFR in subjects with CRF was estimated to be 7.56 mL/min/y. All dollar savings reflect 1998 costs, discounted for the future at 3% per annum. We also determined how much slowing of the progression of CRF is important from patients' perspectives by means of a written questionnaire (which inquired about willingness to go on a restricted diet, take six extra medications per day, and make six extra office visits per year) and calculation of the pre-ESRD time gained for different degrees of reduction in the progression of CRF. If the rate of decline in GFR decreased by 10%, 20%, and 30% after December 31, 1999, in all patients with GFRs of 60 mL/min or less, cumulative direct healthcare savings through 2010 would equal approximately $18.56, $39.02, and $60.61 billion, respectively. For a 10%, 20%, and 30% decrease in the rate of decline in GFR in all patients with a GFR of 30 mL/min or less, estimated cumulative savings through 2010 equal $9.06, $19.98, and $33.37 billion, respectively. Responses to the questionnaire showed that approximately 79% of subjects with CRF (n = 113) perceived a few weeks' dialysis-free period significant (P < or = 0.0001), a period corresponding to a 10% reduction in the rate of decline in GFR. Our data suggest that the cumulative economic impact of slowing the progression of CRF, even by as little as 10%, would be staggering. They provide strong support for the development and implementation of intensive reno-protective efforts beginning at the early stages of chronic renal disease and continued throughout its course.

Disease Progression↗
PubMed2002

Sex-typed preferences in three domains: do two-year-olds need cognitive variables?

Gender schema theory proposes that sex-typed behaviour flows from the child's ability to 'tag' incoming information in terms of gender categories leading to heightened attention, recall and performance of sex-congruent behaviour. We investigate three questions in relation to this proposal: (1) the order of emergence of the child's ability to apply gender labels in each of three domains (social behaviour, same-sex peer preference and sex-congruent toy preference) and its impact upon sex-typed behaviour, (2) the role of the child's knowledge of his or her own sex in sex-typed preferences, and (3) the generality versus specificity of sex-typed behaviour across three domains. Participants were 56 two-year old children. Correct labelling of gender was achieved by 67% of children for self, by 54% for other children, by 23% for toys and by 13% for activities. There was a significant preference for sex-congruent toys and boys engaged in significantly more negative social interaction behaviours than did girls, but same-sex peer preference was not found. There was no effect of domain-specific labelling ability on corresponding sex-typed behaviour nor did sex-of-self knowledge explain sex-typed preference. There was no evidence of domain generality in sex-typed behaviours. The findings suggest that the impact of cognitive variables may have been overestimated.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Developing consumer-led maternity services: a survey of women's views in a local healthcare setting.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes a prospective study of women's views and experiences of maternity services. The aim was to examine the way women make choices and decisions about maternity care and the factors which influence decision making, with a view to developing services which best meet the needs of the population. Patient choice issues reviewed included: choice of place of birth, choice of lead professional and choices in labour management. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: A cohort of women attending maternity booking clinics, within the catchment area of Peterhead Maternity Unit (PMU) in north-east Scotland, were surveyed by means of postal questionnaires at three stages during their contact with maternity services. A subset of women also took part in in-depth interviews. RESULTS: Not all women were given information about all the available options for place of birth and many women were unclear of the differences between them. Factors influencing choice of place of birth can change, with the medical aspects of maternity care becoming more important as the pregnancy progresses. Women rated the importance of seeing the same staff at antenatal visits highly, but were less concerned with their ability to choose which professional to see. More importance was attached to being able to choose a particular midwife rather than a particular obstetrician. Women's choices with regard to labour management were largely met. Insufficient information, however, was provided about choices in pain relief. CONCLUSIONS: The survey revealed the importance of locally based research, involving all stakeholders, in developing services which best meet the needs of a population.

Journal Article↗