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Arindam Sen

Publications and source records attributed to Arindam Sen.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Synergistic effect of anionic lipid enhancer and electroosmosis for transcutaneous delivery of insulin.

A lipid formulation consisting of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn3-phosphatidylserine (DMPS) in a 0.2% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) solution was tested as an in vivo enhancer for the transcutaneous delivery of insulin. The formulation when applied to for 15 min was found to permeabilize porcine epidermis and prolong the permeable state as evidenced by electric resistance measurement. The formulation enhanced the transport of insulin through the epidermis by 40- to 100-fold, as compared to epidermis that was treated with SDS or DMPS alone. Application of electroosmosis across the formulation-treated epidermis enhanced the transport of insulin by an additional 10-fold. Pharmacokinetic studies were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats. Transcutaneous delivery of insulin with formulation treatment and electroosmosis increased the plasma level of insulin by approximately 10-fold over delivery by formulation treatment alone. With the above protocol plasma insulin concentration remained relatively constant for up to 4h. The synergistic application of anionic lipid formulation and electroosmosis offers a promising non-invasive technique to deliver insulin transcutaneously.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2006

Lipid and electroosmosis enhanced transdermal delivery of insulin by electroporation.

Transdermal transport of insulin and extraction of interstitial glucose under anodal iontophoresis (electroosmosis) following electroporation in the presence of 1,2-dimyristoylphophatidylserine (DMPS) was studied. An earlier study showed that DMPS increased the transport of insulin across porcine epidermis under electroporation by approximately fourfold. It was suggested that DMPS increased the lifetime of electropores in the epidermis resulting in an enhanced transport of permeants. When electroosmosis was applied across the epidermis following electroporation with DMPS, the enhancement of insulin transport was approximately 18-fold over electroporation alone. When the same strategy was applied to extract interstitial glucose, the enhancement was approximately 23-fold over electroporation alone. Real-time transdermal insulin transport kinetics was measured using FITC-labeled insulin and a custom-made vertical diffusion apparatus that had a fluorescence cuvette as the receiver compartment. Insulin transport by electroporation alone showed a nonlinear kinetics that is most likely due to the resealing of the electropores with time. The transport kinetics when electroporation was carried out in the presence of DMPS was more linear, confirming earlier studies that suggested the DMPS stabilizes transport paths formed by electroporation. The data suggests that in vivo, noninvasive insulin delivery to therapeutic levels and glucose extraction may be achieved by combining electroporation with anionic lipids and electroosmosis.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2005

Electroporation and transcutaneous extraction (ETE) for pharmacokinetic studies of drugs.

The therapeutic activity and toxicity of drugs often depends on the accumulation of drugs in the peripheral anatomical compartment rather than the central compartment. In the routine practice of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) and pharmacokinetic studies, drug concentration determined by intermittent blood sampling is used as a surrogate for calculating the drug concentration in the peripheral compartment tissues. Microdialysis, a relatively less invasive procedure, has been used for estimation of free drug levels in dermal, subcutaneous and muscle tissues. Transcutaneous extraction of drugs from the dermal tissue is a good noninvasive alternative to phlebotomy and microdialysis. This requires a technique, which can facilitate the extraction of significant and reproducible amounts of drugs from the dermal extracellular fluid (ECF) within a short sampling duration. In the present work, we assessed the feasibility of electroporation and transcutaneous extraction (ETE) method for determining the time course of drugs in dermal ECF, using salicylic acid (SA) as a test drug. Electroporation protocol was optimized based on the in vitro diffusion studies of salicylic acid across rat skin. The concentration-time profile of total SA was determined in rats after a single i.v. bolus administration. The in vivo permeability coefficient (P(in vivo)) of rat skin was determined under steady state plasma concentration of drug created by i.v. bolus followed by constant rate infusion of SA. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the drug were determined using a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The theoretical predicted time course of free SA in the dermal ECF after a single i.v. bolus administration was calculated using standard formulae. The concentration of free SA determined by ETE is in good agreement with that calculated using two-compartment pharmacokinetic model. This study thus provides a credible evidence for the validity of ETE technique for determining the concentration of SA in the dermal ECF.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Cyclodextrin enhanced transdermal delivery of piroxicam and carboxyfluorescein by electroporation.

The transdermal transport of cyclodextrins (CD) across porcine epidermis by electroporation was studied. Electroporation increased the permeation of beta-cyclodextrin (BCD) and hydroxy propyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPCD) by several orders of magnitude, relative to passive transport. The presence of BCD and HPCD enhanced the total transport of the test permeants piroxicam and carboxyfluorescein (CF), respectively, from both permeant solutions and suspensions. BCD enhanced the fraction of piroxicam transported across the epidermis into the receiver compartment medium. This was most likely due to the prolonged post-pulse permeability state of the epidermis. The fraction of CF retained in the epidermis was increased by HPCD. The rate of diffusion of CF from epidermis into the receiver compartment was decreased by the presence of HPCD, apparently due to the aggregate forming tendency of HPCD. The in vivo delivery of CF by electroporation in mice demonstrated the potential of HPCD for sustaining the transdermal absorption rate of hydrophilic molecules.

2-Hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin↗
PubMed2004

Surfactant-enhanced transdermal delivery by electroporation.

The objective of the experiment was to study the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on transdermal transport of diffusants by electroporation. The resistance of porcine epidermis in contact with SDS solution (0.2% w/v) dropped by 40% within 24 h. SDS improved the efficiency of transdermal delivery of glucose, dextrans of molecular weight (MW) 4 kDa (FD4K) and 10 kDa (FD10K) by electroporation. However, the transport of dextran MW 35 kDa (FD35K) was not influenced significantly. Pretreatment of epidermis with SDS solution reduced its electroporation threshold from 80 to 60 V. It appears that presence of SDS during electroporation helps in achieving the desired transport with less electrical exposure dose. SDS enhanced the transdermal delivery of molecules by electroporation most likely by facilitating the barrier disruption during pulse application and also by prolonging the lifetime of electropores created by the pulse.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2004

Temperature influences the postelectroporation permeability state of the skin.

The influence of temperature on the electrical conductance and transport of macromolecules across porcine epidermis during and after electroporation were studied. The passive diffusion of fluorescein isothiocyanate labeled dextran (molecular weight 10 kDa, FD10K), across the epidermis did not differ much at temperatures below 37 degrees C, but became significantly higher above 40 degrees C. The resistance drop during pulse application was less sensitive to temperature within the temperature range (10-50 degrees C) of this study. The kinetics of decrease in postpulse conductance of the electroporated epidermis was fit to a monoexponential function. The rate of decrease in postpulse conductance was significantly less and FD10K transport was markedly high at temperature over 40 degrees C relative to those observed at temperatures less than 37 degrees C. This jump in transport cannot be explained by electrophoresis induced by the pulse, or by the increased diffusion kinesis of the molecules. The enhanced transport is most likely due to the prolonged postpulse permeable state of the skin. Electroporation at mild hyperthermia temperatures resulted in delivering much higher quantities of macromolecules.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

pH influences the postpulse permeability state of skin after electroporation.

The pH dependence of porcine epidermis permeability and the influence of pH on the electroporation transport of molecules were studied. The resistance was maximum at pH 5 and decreased with an increase or decrease in the pH of the donor medium. The permeability coefficient of glucose was significantly higher at pH 7.5, compared to pH 5. On electroporation, the resistance recovery rate of porcine epidermis was rapid below pH 5 and slower at above pH 7.5. The transport studies revealed that a donor medium pH above 7.5 helps to maintain the postpulse permeability state of the skin. By changing the donor medium pH from 5 to 7.5, the postpulse transport of glucose and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled dextran (MW 10 kDa) (FD10K) was enhanced by about threefold. The lipids extracted from porcine epidermis showed pI values of 4.3 and 5.9. Vesicles of these lipids fused more rapidly at pH 5 than at pH 3, 7, and 10. The results imply that pH-sensitive postpulse resistance recovery and molecular transport are due to the charge states of epidermal lipids.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Localized delivery to CT-26 tumors in mice using thermosensitive liposomes.

A heat-sensitive liposomal drug delivery system was tested using Colon-26 (CT-26) cultured cells and tumors in mice. Lucifer yellow iodoacetamide (LY) was used as a fluorescence marker. The heat-sensitive liposomes exploit the temperature-dependence of critical micellar concentrations of the poloxamer, F127. LY release from unilamellar liposomes at different temperatures was measured. Onset of LY release occurred near 33 degrees C, and reached plateau above 42 degrees C when 90% of the LY was released. Temperature-treated liposomes were mixed with CT-26 cells to measure the binding of the released LY to cell surface. Temperature-dependency of cell-bound LY corresponds to the release curve. CT-26 tumors were grown subcutaneously in both hind legs of Balb/c mice. Mice received heat-sensitive or plain liposomes via tail vein injections, or no liposomes. For each mouse, one tumor was kept at 31.5 degrees C, while the counterlateral tumor was heated to 42 degrees C during injection and for 30min after. LY released in tumors was determined from fluorescence intensity. Tumors receiving heat-sensitive liposomes plus heat treatment showed 2.5-fold greater fluorescence than all other tumors, which were at the background level. This study demonstrates the possible use of poloxamer-containing liposomes as a heat-sensitive drug delivery system in vivo.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Perceived constraints to private veterinary practice in India.

We used an exploratory study in two districts of West Bengal State, India to find out the constraints of private veterinary practice. Privatization of veterinary services is being seen as an alternative to government-sponsored veterinary services to livestock. In December 2000 to February 2001, 50 private veterinary practitioners were interviewed from the districts. Their opinion was that weak regulations about competition from illegal practitioners and the use of veterinary drugs, competition by animal-health technicians (who are likely to charge less than veterinarians), absence of efficient diagnostic-laboratory support, and lack of commercial livestock farming were the main constraints faced.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Enhanced transdermal transport by electroporation using anionic lipids.

Transdermal drug delivery is an attractive approach for either local or systemic treatment in medicine. In the last decade, different active transdermal delivery methods have been further investigated such as cationic liposomal delivery and electroporation-enhanced delivery. In light of gaining a synergistic effect of lipid and electroporation, a new method of using anionic lipids to enhance the transdermal transport of molecules under electroporation is reported here. Heat-stripped porcine epidermis was used for measurement of transdermal transport using an in vitro vertical diffusion apparatus. Lipid vesicles were prepared using a 1:1 mole ratio mixture of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC). When the lipids were mixed with (but not encapsulating) the transport target molecule, the electroporation-induced transport through porcine epidermis was increased as compared to that without the lipids. The enhancement in transport was dependent upon the size and the charge of the transported molecule. Methylene blue (MB), protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and dimethyl-protoporphyrin IX (DM-PpIX) were used as small target molecules, and FITC-dextrans (4 to 155 kDa) were used as large target molecules in our studies. Enhancement of transport, to varying degree, was observed for all three small molecules (molecular weights <1 kDa), in the presence of DOPG:DOPC vesicles. In the case of large molecules, lipid-enhanced transport was only observed for the 4 kDa dextran, and not for the larger ones (M(w)>10 kDa). Neutral or cationic lipids alone did not enhance the transdermal transport under the electroporation conditions we used.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Transdermal insulin delivery using lipid enhanced electroporation.

Transdermal insulin transport by electroporation was measured using porcine epidermis and fluorescein-labeled insulin. Previous studies have shown that anionic lipids can enhance the electroporative transport of molecules up to 10 kDa in size. It was also shown that it is the charge and not the type of the phospholipid head group that influences transdermal transport under electroporation. Moreover, phospholipids with saturated acyl chains enhance the transport of larger molecules more as compared to those with unsaturated chains. In the current study, based on those earlier findings, the effect of 1,2-dimyristoyl-3-phosphatidylserine (DMPS) on the transdermal transport of insulin by electroporation was examined. Porcine epidermis was used as a model for skin. Transport was measured using glass vertical diffusion apparatus in which the epidermis separated the donor and receiver compartments. Negative pulses were applied across the epidermis using platinum electrodes. Results show that when electroporation was carried out in the presence of DMPS, there was greater than 20-fold enhancement of insulin transport. Furthermore, while in the presence of the phospholipid, almost all the transported insulin was detected in the receiver compartment; in the absence of added lipids, only about half the insulin transported was in the receiver compartment and an almost equal amount of insulin remained in the epidermis. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the insulin transport was mainly through the lipid multilayer regions that surround the corneocytes.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed2002

Utilizing temperature-sensitive association of Pluronic F-127 with lipid bilayers to control liposome-cell adhesion.

The temperature sensitive properties of Pluronic F-127 (MW approximately 12600, PEO(98)-PPO(67)-PEO(98)), a block co-polymer or poloxamer, was used to control liposome-cell adhesion. When associated with liposomes, the PEO moiety of the block co-polymer is expected to inhibit liposome-cell adhesion. Liposomes were made using egg phosphatidylcholine and different mole% of Pluronic F-127. Size measurement of the liposomes at different temperatures, in the presence and absence of Pluronic F-127, shows significant reduction in the size of multilamellar vesicles, at higher temperatures, by the Pluronic molecules. Negative stain electron microscopy study showed the presence of individual molecules and micelles of Pluronic, respectively at temperatures below and above the critical micellar temperature (CMT). Measurement of the surface associated Pluronics indicated that they associated with liposomes when the sample was heated above the Pluronic CMT, and dissociated from liposomes when cooled below the CMT. Attachment of the Pluronic containing liposomes to CHO cells was inhibited at temperatures above the CMT, but not at temperatures below CMT, indicating that temperature-sensitive control of liposome-cell adhesion is achieved.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Saturated anionic phospholipids enhance transdermal transport by electroporation.

Anionic phospholipids, but not cationic or neutral phospholipids, were found to enhance the transdermal transport of molecules by electroporation. When added as liposomes to the milieus of water-soluble molecules to be delivered through the epidermis of porcine skin by electroporation, these phospholipids enhance, by one to two orders of magnitude, the transdermal flux. Encapsulation of molecules in liposomes is not necessary. Dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS), phosphatidylserine from bovine brain (brain-PS), dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), and dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) were used to test factors affecting the potency of anionic lipid transport enhancers. DMPS with saturated acyl chains was found to be a much more potent transport enhancer than those with unsaturated acyl chains (DOPS and DOPG). There was no headgroup preference. Saturated DMPS was also more effective in delaying resistance recovery after pulsing, and with a greater affinity in the epidermis after pulsing. Using fluorescent carboxyl fluorescein and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled Dextrans as test water-soluble molecules for transport, and rhodamine-labeled phospholipids to track anionic phospholipids, we found, by conventional and confocal fluorescence microscopy, that transport of water-soluble molecules was localized in local transport spots or regions (LTRs) created by the electroporation pulses. Anionic phospholipids, especially DMPS, were located at the center of the LTRs and spanned the entire thickness of the stratum corneum (SC). The degree of saturation of anionic phospholipids made no difference in the densities of LTRs created. We deduce that, after being driven into the epidermis by negative electric pulses, saturated anionic phospholipids mix and are retained better by the SC lipids. Anionic lipids prefer loose layers or vesicular rather than multilamellar forms, thereby prolonging the structural recovery of SC lipids to the native multilamellar form. In the presence of 1 mg/ml DMPS in the transport milieu, the flux of FITC-Dextran-4k was enhanced by 80-fold and reached 175 microg/cm(2)/min. Thus, the use of proper lipid enhancers greatly extends the upper size limit of transportable chemicals. Understanding the mechanism of lipid enhancers enables one to rationally design better enhancers for transdermal drug and vaccine delivery by electroporation.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Temperature-dependent electrical and ultrastructural characterizations of porcine skin upon electroporation.

The mechanism of high-voltage pulse-induced permeabilization of the stratum corneum, the outer layer of the skin, is still not completely understood. It has been suggested that joule heating resulting from the applied pulse may play a major role in disrupting the stratum corneum. In this study, electrical and ultrastructural measurements were conducted to examine the temperature dependence of the pulse-induced permeabilization of the stratum corneum. The stratum corneum resistance was measured using a vertical diffusion holder, with the stratum corneum placed between two electrode-containing chambers. The stratum corneum resistance was reduced manyfold during the applied pulse. The extent of resistance reduction increased with pulse voltage until reaching a threshold value, above which the resistance reduction was less dependent on the pulse voltage. The stratum corneum was more susceptible to permeabilization at high temperature, the threshold voltage being lower. The stratum corneum resistance recovered within milliseconds after a single 0.3-ms pulse. High-temperature samples had a more prolonged recovery time. Using time-resolved freeze fracture electron microscopy, aggregates of lipid vesicles were observed in all samples pulsed above the threshold voltage. The sizes and fractional areas occupied by aggregates of lipid vesicles at 4 degrees C and at 25 degrees C were measured at different time points after the applied pulse. Aggregates of vesicles persisted long after the electric resistance was recovered. After pulsing at the same voltage of 80 V, samples at 4 degrees C were found to have slightly more extensive aggregate formation initially, but recovered more rapidly than those at 25 degrees C. The more rapid recovery of the 4 degrees C samples was likely due to a lower supra-threshold voltage. Viscoelastic instability propagation created by the pulse may also play a role in the recovery of the aggregates.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Bacterial species selective toxicity of two isomeric alpha/beta-peptides: role of membrane lipids.

We have studied how membrane interactions of two synthetic cationic antimicrobial peptides with alternating alpha- and beta-amino acid residues ("alpha/beta-peptides") impact toxicity to different prokaryotes. Electron microscopic examination of thin sections of Escherichia coli and of Bacillus subtilis exposed to these two alpha/beta-peptides reveals different structural changes in the membranes of these bacteria. These two peptides also have very different effects on the morphology of liposomes composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol in a 2:1 molar ratio. Freeze fracture electron microscopy indicates that with this lipid mixture, alpha/beta-peptide I induces the formation of a sponge phase. 31P NMR and X-ray diffraction are consistent with this conclusion. In contrast, with alpha/beta-peptide II and this same lipid mixture, a lamellar phase is maintained, but with a drastically reduced d-spacing. alpha/beta-Peptide II is more lytic to liposomes composed of these lipids than is I. These findings are consistent with the greater toxicity of alpha/beta-peptide II, relative to alpha/beta-peptide I, to E. coli, a bacterium having a high content of phosphatidylethanolamine. In contrast, both alpha/beta-peptides display similar toxicity toward B. subtilis, in accord with the greater anionic lipid composition in its membrane. This work shows that variations in the selectivity of these peptidic antimicrobial peptides toward different strains of bacteria can be partly determined by the lipid composition of the bacterial cell membrane.

Anti-Infective Agents↗