Biomedical subjects

Avraham Calev

Publications and source records attributed to Avraham Calev.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed1993

Blood Pressure, Memory, and Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Blood pressure changes recorded during electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in 23 psychiatric in-patients with major depressive disorders correlated with and predicted the degree of anterograde memory changes measured 48-72 h after ECT. The Randt memory test was the principal measure of memory change. A subgroup of older patients with cardiovascular illness received trimethaphan, a ganglionic blocker that impedes a hypertensive surge during the treatment. They did not differ in memory function from a younger subgroup that did not receive trimethaphan. Control of the hypertensive response in the older age group counterbalanced the additional memory dysfunction that was anticipated as a result of advanced age and cardiovascular pathology.

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PubMed1993

Age-Dependent Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Memory.

We examined the relation between age and recovery of memory functions after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). In a group of patients 20-65 years of age, older depressed patients treated with ECT experienced more severe and longer lasting memory deficits than did younger patients. Testing conducted 24-72 h after a course of ECT showed more severe deficits in older patients for verbal and visuospatial anterograde memory, and for retrograde memory. The difference between younger and older subjects was marginal at 1 month follow-up, seen only in differences in verbal anterograde memory. At 6 months follow-up, no difference in memory test scores between older and younger patients was observed. Older patients are more vulnerable to cognitive effects of ECT, and these effects last longer.

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PubMed1993

Caffeine Pretreatment Enhances Clinical Efficacy and Reduces Cognitive Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy.

In an open clinical trial, depressed patients received age-dosed, brief-pulse electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) either with or without 500 mg i.v. caffeine sodium benzoate before each treatment. Caffeine-pretreated patients required fewer ECT treatments, and after three to four treatments, their Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS) scores were significantly lower. At the end of the ECT course, both groups reached the same reduction in HDS scores. Of five memory tests, one showed better performance at the end of the ECT course for the caffeine-pretreated compared with the non-caffeine-pretreated patients. The results argue that caffeine-modified ECT differs from unmodified ECT in speed of response and the effects on cognitive tests.

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PubMed1991

Atropine and Cognitive Performance After Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Two groups of patients receiving bilateral, moderately suprathreshold electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) were compared in their cognitive functions after receiving either 0.5 mg atropine i.v. or no atropine before ECT. The patients were tested for cognitive functions after four treatments using various measures, including orientation; retrograde (verbal and visuospatial) memory for information acquired about 15 minutes pretreatment and tested for about 1 hour posttreatment; anterograde (verbal and visuospatial) memory for information acquired about 1 hour, 30 minutes posttreatment and tested for both immediately after learning and 20 minutes later; and retrieval from semantic memory as assessed by word fluency. We found no effect of 0.5 mg atropine on cognitive performance, even though anticholinergic drugs that cross the blood brain barrier might be expected to affect cognition after ECT.

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PubMed1991

Disorientation and Bilateral Moderately Suprathreshold Titrated ECT.

Thirty-seven inpatients with major depression were assessed for postictal and interictal disorientation after they received 8 of 12 ECTs. In 20 patients, four of the eight assessments were after simulated ECT only. Only real, but not simulated, ECT produced postictal disorientation. Postictal disorientation was greatest after the first treatment, less after the second, and did not change in later assessments. It was shortest for person, longer for place, and longest for time, and showed a temporal time gradient. Interictal disorientation increased with the number of treatments. Two electrical stimulus variables (seizure duration and electrical stimulus intensity) correlated with the length of postictal disorientation. The influence of seizure duration and stimulus variables were independent of each other. The influence of the electrical stimulus variables was independent of the influence of demographic variables. These, however, did affect the length of postictal disorientation.

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PubMed1991

Change in Attitude Toward Electroconvulsive Therapy: Effects of Treatment, Time Since Treatment, and Severity of Depression.

Attitudes toward electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) of patients with major depressive episodes who are treated with ECT were evaluated before the beginning of treatment, 1 to 2 days after completion of the 12th treatment, and 6 months after the termination of the series using a questionnaire (adapted from Freeman and Kendall, 1980). Attitudes toward ECT become more positive after treatment, and remain so at the 6-month follow-up. Attitude changes correlate with changes in depressive symptoms and with subjective side effects during treatment. Patients who had a prior course of ECT had more knowledge of ECT but not a more positive attitude.

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