Intrasubject variation of creatinine and specific gravity measurements in consecutive urine specimens of heroin users.
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Creatinine↗
Biomedical subjects
B A Goldberger
Publications and source records attributed to B A Goldberger.
Chloral hydrate overdose: trichloroethanol detection by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
A case is presented where an individual ingested a fatal dose of chloral hydrate. Trichloroethanol (TCE), the metabolite of chloral hydrate, was initially identified by the Fujiwara reaction and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in blood )127 mg/l), urine (128 mg/l) and stomach contents (25 mg total).
Adult↗
Bupropion and alcohol fatal intoxication: case report.
A fatality due to the ingestion of bupropion and ethanol is presented. Bupropion and its metabolites were extracted from several tissues and identified using gas chromatography with nitrogenphosphorus and mass spectrometry detection. The concentrations of bupropion, hydroxybupropion and the erythroamino and threoamino alcohol metabolites in heart blood were 4.2, 5.0, 0.6 and 4.6 mg/l, respectively. The heart blood ethanol concentration was 0.27 g/dl. In addition, bupropion was distributed as follows: subclavian blood, 6.2 mg/l; bile, 1.4 mg/l; kidney, 2.4 mg/l; liver, 1.0 mg/kg; stomach contents, 16 mg and urine, 37 mg/l.
Adult↗
Evaluation of the coat-a-count radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine.
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Humans↗
Enzyme immunoassay method for comprehensive drug screening in micro-samples of urine.
We adapted the reagents from 11 different enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT; Syva Co., Palo Alto, CA 94304) drug-detection kits for use in a centrifugal analyzer. The antibody reagents were mixed into a single dilute solution, and the enzyme-labeled drug derivatives were combined similarly (Mixed EMIT reagents), for use in testing urine samples for the presence of multiple drugs. The assay, a rapid comprehensive drug-screening technique, requires 100 microL of sample and is capable of testing seven samples, in duplicate, simultaneously, in less than 10 min. Clinical evaluation (n = 325) by comparison with thin-layer chromatography (TLC) had the following results: 230 samples were negative by TLC and Mixed EMIT, 77 samples were positive by TLC and Mixed EMIT, 16 samples were negative by TLC and positive by Mixed EMIT, and two samples were positive by TLC and negative by Mixed EMIT.
Autoanalysis↗
In vitro accuracy and precision studies comparing direct and delayed analysis of the ethanol content of vapor.
In vitro accuracy and precision studies were conducted using silica gel, magnesium perchlorate, and indium encapsulation breath collection tubes in conjunction with three infrared breath ethanol analyzers (BAC Verifier, Intoxilyzer 5000, and Intoximeter 3000), the Breathalyzer 900A, and the GC Mark IV. Statistical analyses revealed good accuracy and precision and correlation between direct and delayed vapor ethanol analyses for each combination of instruments and collection devices (range = 0.000 to 0.250 g/210 L, N = 42/instrument, r greater than 0.99). Delayed vapor ethanol analysis utilizing each instrument and collection device combination appears to predict satisfactorily original vapor ethanol concentrations.
Breath Tests↗
Infrared quantitative evidential breath-alcohol analyzers: in vitro accuracy and precision studies.
The in vitro accuracy and precision of four infrared breath-alcohol analyzers, the Alcotest 7010, BAC Verifier, Intoxilyzer 5000, and Intoximeter 3000, were studied with a protocol adapted from portions of the U.S. Department of Transportation's (DOT) "Standard for Devices to Measure Breath Alcohol." Statistical evaluation of these studies indicated that all instruments met or exceeded the performance requirements modified from the U.S. DOT Standard for quantitative evidential breath-alcohol analyzers.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗
A long-term field experience with breath ethanol collection employing silica gel.
Breath specimens (N = 143) from human subjects initially analyzed for ethanol content by infrared spectroscopy were collected onto silica gel. The specimens were retained 1.25 to 2.75 years following adsorption and subsequently analyzed by headspace gas chromatography. The results revealed good overall correlation between the direct and delayed ethanol determinations (r = 0.900). Specimens were collected by police officers following a defined protocol and the results are presented to illustrate practical use and limitations of such a technique.
Breath Tests↗
Testing human hair for drugs of abuse. III. Identification of heroin and 6-acetylmorphine as indicators of heroin use.
Hair samples from 20 documented heroin users contained 6-acetylmorphine, a unique metabolite of heroin, in all samples. Heroin was identified in smaller amounts in seven of these samples. The identity of 6-acetylmorphine and heroin was established by comparison of full scan spectra of extracts to standard reference materials. The presence of 6-acetylmorphine generally predominated over heroin, morphine, and codeine. The mean concentrations of analytes were as follows: 6-acetylmorphine, 0.90 ng/mg, N = 20; heroin, 0.17 ng/mg, N = 7; morphine, 0.26 ng/mg, N = 20; codeine, 0.18 ng/mg, N = 15. Analysis of hair samples obtained from 10 drug-free control subjects were negative for 6-acetylmorphine, morphine, and codeine. However, a small interfering peak was observed at the retention time for heroin. Control samples soaked in aqueous solutions of heroin and 6-acetylmorphine were found to be contaminated, even though an initial wash step was included in the analysis. These data suggest that hair analysis for 6-acetylmorphine can be used to differentiate heroin users from other types of opiate exposure (e.g., poppy seed, licit morphine, and codeine); however, environmental contamination can potentially produce false positives during opiate testing.
Adult↗
Two fatalities involving haloperidol.
Two cases are presented in which haloperidol was identified in postmortem toxicological analysis. One case was a suicidal overdose of the drug; the blood concentrations of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol were 1.9 and 1.4 mg/L, respectively. Bile, liver, and urine concentrations were 3.4 mg/L, 44 mg/Kg and 6.6 mg/L for haloperidol and 1.6 mg/L, 43 mg/Kg, and 5.7 mg/L for reduced haloperidol, respectively. The second case was believed to be a natural cardiac death with a blood haloperidol concentration of 0.6 mg/L. The distribution of haloperidol and reduced haloperidol in this case was bile, 0.4 and 0.5 mg/L; kidney, 0.7 and 2.3 mg/Kg; liver, 5.0 and 13 mg/Kg; and urine, 0.4 and 2.3 mg/L.
Adult↗
Distribution of isoniazid in an overdose death.
A fatality due to the ingestion of isoniazid, a tuberculostatic agent, is presented. Isoniazid was extracted by a single step extraction procedure, derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride, and identified and quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The distribution of isoniazid was as follows: heart blood 43 mg/L, subclavian blood 94 mg/L, urine 470 mg/L, bile 900 mg/L, liver 650 mg/Kg, kidney 110 mg/Kg, and stomach contents 4 mg.
Adolescent↗
Detection of cocaine and its metabolites in human amniotic fluid.
The dramatic rise in maternal drug abuse and the incidence of positive drug findings during neonatal testing has increased the need for prenatal toxicological testing for drugs of abuse. Human amniotic fluid samples collected after 13-39 weeks of pregnancy were screened for cocaine metabolite (benzoylecgonine) by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA). All positive samples, as well as any accompanying maternal serum, were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for cocaine and its metabolites. Five samples out of 450 were positive for cocaine, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonine methyl ester by GC/MS. In addition, one sample was also positive for cocaethylene. Two maternal serum samples were positive for benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester. The presence of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester, and cocaethylene in the amniotic fluid suggests that the fetus is exposed to cocaine and its metabolites through maternal circulation. The impact of this exposure on the health of the newborn is unknown.
Amniotic Fluid↗
Urine cannabinoid analysis: an integrated multi-method approach.
The Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique (EMIT) Urine Cannabinoid Assay (Syva) was adapted for automated analysis on a centrifugal analyzer allowing for cost-effective, rapid, high-volume urine testing. Confirmation of positive EMIT results was accomplished by a modification of a recently published high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) technique for 11-nor-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH). Further confirmation of the presence of THC-COOH was achieved by high efficiency thin layer chromatography (HETLC). The reported protocol was applied to urine samples obtained from an emergency toxicology population and a drug counseling population. Results indicated that specimens testing positive by all three methods suggest valid forensic evidence for the presence of THC-COOH.
Cannabinoids↗