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B B Wiley

Publications and source records attributed to B B Wiley.

25 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1970

Effect of Animal Passage on Arthritogenic and Biological Properties of Mycoplasma arthritidis.

Determinations of the ED(50) of cultures of Mycoplasma arthritidis disclosed the existence of great diversity in the arthritogenic properties of the various strains. In most cases, the ED(50) values were lowered after passaging in rats, and a more severe arthritis with a shorter period of onset was observed. Heavy suspensions of arthritogenic M. arthritidis did not appear to induce any toxic symptoms. Prior injections of endotoxin did not enhance the toxicity of M. arthritidis suspensions. The more arthritogenic strains grew more slowly in the basal medium and remained viable for longer periods of time than those with lower arthritogenic properties. All strains were identical on the basis of complement-fixation tests. Minor differences observed between strains during gel-diffusion studies could not be correlated with arthritogenic properties. Arthritogenic strains appeared to be less susceptible to the inhibiting action of rabbit antisera than were the nonarthritogenic strains.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1970

Immunological response of rodents to murine mycoplasmas.

Mycoplasma arthritidis, M. pulmonis, M. neurolyticum, and M. felis strains administered on various immunization schedules induced complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies in rats, mice, and guinea pigs. Metabolic inhibiting (MI) antibodies against M. felis were produced by guinea pigs, mice, and rats. M. neurolyticum did not induce MI antibody in mice but induced high titers in guinea pigs and rats. M. pulmonis failed to induce MI antibody titers in mice, induced low titers in rats, and induced high titers in guinea pigs. M. arthritidis induced no or very low titers in rats and low titers in mice, but induced high MI titers in guinea pigs. A positive correlation was demonstrated between ability of the mycoplasma to induce disease and lack of MI antibody formation by its natural host. It is suggested that the apparent inability of the various animals to produce MI antibodies against their natural mycoplasmal parasites may enable the mycoplasmas to become established in their hosts. The concept of biological mimicry is brought forward to explain these observations.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1969

Survival of human pathogens in composted sewage.

Studies were conducted to assess the effectiveness of an aerobic composter in destroying pathogens that may possibly be present in raw sewage sludge. Experiments conducted in this study were designed to determine whether or not selected indicator organisms (i.e., Salmonella newport, poliovirus type 1, Ascaris lumbricoides ova, and Candida albicans) could survive the composting process. The results of the assay showed that after 43 hr of composting, no viable indicator organisms could be detected. The poliovirus type I was the most sensitive, being inactivated within the first hour, whereas C. albicans was the most resistant, requiring more than 28 hr of composting for its inactivation. The data from this study indicated that aerobic composting of sewage sludge would destroy the indicator pathogens when a temperature of 60 to 70 C is maintained for a period of 3 days.

Ascaris↗
PubMed1969

Immunological responses of the rat to Mycoplasma arthritidis.

Arthritis was produced in rats by the intravenous injection of Mycoplasma arthritidis. Metabolic inhibiting antibody and indirect hemagglutinating antibody could not be detected in the sera of arthritic or convalescent animals. Nonmurine species of mycoplasma were capable of inducing metabolic inhibiting antibody in the rat. A hypothesis based upon the possible occurrence of heterogenetic antigens common to M. arthritidis and rat tissue was brought forward to explain these findings. Complement-fixing antibody to M. arthritidis was detected 3 to 4 days after injection and subsequently rose to high levels, depending upon the severity of arthritis and number of organisms injected. Animals that had recovered from intravenous or subcutaneous inoculation with M. arthritidis were resistant to subsequent infections by the organism. Immunity could be passively transferred by the intravenous injection of convalescent serum. Adsorption of the convalescent serum with antigen greatly reduced the complement fixation titer but did not significantly alter the protective properties of the serum. The presence of complement-fixing antibody could not be related to the development of immunity. An avirulent strain of M. arthritidis and a strain previously classified as M. hominis type 2 were capable of inducing resistance to subsequent injection by virulent M. arthritidis.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Evidence for a multiplicity of capsular types among Staphylococcus aureus strains.

The Smith diffuse variant and the wound mucoid strain of Staphylococcus aureus were shown to exhibit serologically distinct capsules. The Welwood and K-6 strains of S. aureus were tested to determine their capsular types. Both Welwood and K-6 were found to be representative of the Smith capsular type. An additional 13 isolates of S. aureus from mice were tested. Gel double-diffusion tests and immunoelectrophoresis of staphylococcal antigens disclosed the possible existence of at least two additional capsular types. Passive hemagglutination tests carried out with cells sensitized with 1 mg of antigen per ml showed a multiplicity of cross-reacting antigens. However, cells sensitized either with 0.1 or 0.05 mg of antigen per ml and reacted with antisera absorbed with 10 or 1 mug/ml showed the presence of a specific antigen in each strain of S. aureus. Corroborative evidence for a multiplicity of capsular types was obtained by the specific capsular reaction. At least four capsular types of S. aureus were found. The prototypic strains for these antigens are the RLM or wound strain, the Smith diffuse strain, and mouse strains designated 36T and 43R. We propose to designate these types 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

Absorption↗
PubMed1968

Virulent and avirulent encapsulated variants of Staphyococcus aureus.

There are at least two serologically distinct capsular types of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Until now, unequivocal evidence for encapsulation of the Smith diffuse variant was lacking. However, the data presented in this paper provide definitive details of encapsulation of the Smith strain. A marked difference in ld(50) values for the two serologically distinct capsular types of S. aureus was demonstrated. The paradoxical behavior of these two strains suggested that the host was resistant to one and was susceptible to the other. A survey of the carriage incidence in mice for staphylococci and staphylococcal capsular antibodies disclosed the presence of staphylococci and capsular antibodies in these animals. The capsular antibodies detected were reactive against only one of the capsular types of S. aureus. None of the sera from the mice surveyed possessed capsular antibodies against the Smith diffuse variant, but the average incidence for the capsular antibodies against the wound mucoid type was 46%. We postulated that the susceptibility of the mice to the Smith diffuse variant was caused by the absence of protective, type-specific capsular antibodies. Conversely, the resistance of the mice to the wound mucoid staphylococci may have been a result of the presence of type-specific capsular antibodies.

Animals↗