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Biomedical subjects

B Burrows

Publications and source records attributed to B Burrows.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1979

Predictors of mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A 15-year follow-up study.

The relative usefulness of various initial findings in predicting survival is reported for 200 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who have been followed for approximately 15 years. After 5 years of follow-up, subjects 62 or more years of age showed a poorer survival rate than younger subjects. After controlling for age, the per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 sec after administration of bronchodilator was the best indicator of prognosis. In subjects less than 65 years of age, the presence or absence of cor pulmonale further improved the prediction of subsequent mortality. Regardless of initial findings, however, there was wide individual variability in prognosis, and factors relating to this variability remain obscure. No difference in survival rate was noted between the 178 male patients who were enrolled in Chicago 15 years ago and the 100 similarly impaired men enrolled in Tucson approximately 7 years ago.

Aged↗
PubMed1978

Responses to isoproterenol in a general population sample.

The response of forced expiratory flow to inhalation of isoproterenol was evaluated in a general population sample of 1,063 subjects. Percentage changes in the forced expiratory volume in 1 sec and in the maximal flow measured at 50 percent of the initial expired forced vital capacity appeared to be the best indicators of responsiveness to bronchodilator. Subjects with a history of asthma more often showed responsiveness than did the remainder of the population, even when their initial function was within normal limits. Over-all, a high proportion of subjects with abnormalities in baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 sec or maximal flow after exhalation of 50 per cent of the forced vital capacity showed sufficient improvement after bronchodilator to cause their values after isoproterenol to fall within the normal range. The data suggest that responsiveness to bronchodilator aerosol may be a useful guide to the presence of bronchial reactivity in epidemiologic studies of obstructive airway diseases.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Relation of protease inhibitor phenotypes to obstructive lung diseases in a community.

To examine the relative risk for the development of obstructive lung disease in persons heterozygous for alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, we determined protease inhibitor phenotypes in 2944 subjects in a general community population. Phenotype M was found in 89.5 per cent, MS in 7.1 per cent, and MZ in 3.0 per cent of the population. There were two persons of phenotype Z and six of phenotype SZ. The study also included respiratory questionnaires and spirometry. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diagnoses or of ventilatory impairment among the three major phenotype groups (M, MS and MZ), nor were there differences in the rates of deterioration of function with age or smoking. Consequently, we do not consider population screening for heterozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency to be worthwhile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and chronic productive cough.

A close relationship between chronic productive cough and cigarette smoking was confirmed in an epidemiological study of airways obstructive disease in Tucson. Pack-years of smoking was closely related to symptom frequency and no threshold effect was noted. This relationship was affected by age and a history of childhood respiratory disease, but not by atopy. Among present smokers males and females did not differ significantly in their smoking habit specific rates of chronic productive cough, but males appeared to lose their symptoms less regularly than females when they quit smoking after many pack-years of cigarette use. When the relationship of smoking to chronic productive cough was removed, smoking was not significantly related to other aspects of 'chronic nonspecific respiratory disease' in this analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

The relationship of acute respiratory illness history to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders.

Several studies have suggested that acute respiratory illnesses (ARI) may be precursors to chronic obstructive lung diseases, as well as being exacerbations of such diseases. The relationship of retrospective and prospective data on ARI to the prevalence and incidence of obstructive lung disorders has been examined in the community epidemiologic study of obstructive diseases a longitudinal study in Tucson. It has been determined that both the previous and subsequent history of ARI are significantly associated with the prevalence and incidence of airways obstructive diseases, those diagnosed by physicians and those inferred by symptoms. Lung function impairment also appears to be associated with such illnesses. This study implicates ARI as one of the major factors associated with the etiology as well as the natural history of chronic obstructive lung disease.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Quantitative relationships between cigarette smoking and ventilatory function.

In this study of a general population sample, highly significant quantitative relationships were noted between pack-years of smoking and functional impairment. Subjects with chronic productive cough showed steeper declines in the forced expired volume in 1 sec and forced expiratory flow after exhalation of 75 per cent of the forced vital capacity (Vmax 25), but a definite inverse relationship between ventilatory function and pack-years was demonstrated even among subjects who denied any cough or sputum production. Current smoking showed no relationship to 1-sec forced expiratory volume or Vmax 25 when total pack-years were taken into account. Age appeared to be an important independent determinant of per cent predicted values only in regard to the Vmax 25 in symptomatic nonsmoking women. A history of childhood respiratory trouble was associated with a lower ventilatory function regardless of smoking habits, and for this reason such subjects have been deleted from detailed analyses of dose-effect relationships. Allergy skin test reactivity in young to middle-aged adults showed a significant additive effect to pack-years as a determinant of forced expiratory flow toward the end of the forced vital capacity, but the effect was noted only among present smokers.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

The relationship of childhood respiratory illness to adult obstructive airway disease.

This study of a general population sample reveals close relationships between histories of childhood respiratory disorders and pevalences of symptoms, obstructive airway diseases, and ventilatory impairment in 2,626 adults more than 20 years of age. Although a history of pediatric respiratory illness is associated with relatively mild impairment of ventilatory function in young adults, subjects with such a history shown an excessive decline in function with advancing years and with cigarette use. Because some of the data are retrospective and subject to the bias of preferential recall of childhood events, these observations cannot be regarded as definitive. However, present observations are compatible with the hypothesis that pediatric respiratory illness represents an important risk factor for the development of obstructive airway diseases in adult life. It is suggested that these childhood respiratory illnesses cause the adult lung to be unusually susceptible to the adverse effects of a variety of bronchial irritants and infectious agents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve. Normal standards, variability, and effects of age.

From a randomly selected population representative of the white population of Tucson, Ariz., satisfactory flow-volume data were obtained for 3,115 persons. Data from the 746 subjects who were totally free of symptoms or history of cardiorespiratory disease and who had never smoked were used in determining "normal" prediction equations for spirometric parameters and maximal expiratory flows. The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve showed considerable intersubject variability, but little change in shape of the mean maximal expiratory flow-volume curve was seen with advancing age when the effects of disease, insult, or injury were excluded.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Comparison of questionnaires: the BMRC and NHLI respiratory questionnaires and a new self-completion questionnaire.

Interviewer-administered National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI) and British Medical Research Council (BMRC) respiratory questionnaires were compared with each other and with a self-administered questionnaire of our own design in 2,350 adults enrolled in a longitudinal community study. There was a basic 10% disagreement between responses to any 2 questionnaires for all questions that inquired about a perception of a complaint or a disease, but much less disagreement for more factual questions, such as those concerning smoking. Little effect was noted from minor variations in wording, order of questions, method of administration, inclusion of other questions, or time between questionnaires (as long as this interval was less than 1 month). For questions with similar wording, the BMRC and NHLI questionnaires yielded very similar results in terms of over-all prevalence of responses, relationships to answers on an independent questionnaire, and inter-relationships of positive responses. The new self-completion questionnaire used in this study detected more abnormalities and better delineated cough and phlegm "syndromes" than either the NHLI or the BMRC questionnaire, and we believe that self-administration was a very satisfactory technique in the type of population surveyed in this study.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

The maximal expiratory flow-volume curve: its use in the detection of ventilatory abnormalities in a population study.

Flow-volume and spirometric parameters obtained in a randomly selected population were examined with regard to their sensitivity in detecting abnormalities among persons who smoked and/or had respiratory symptoms. Data obtained from subjects who were totally free of cardiorespiratory symptoms and who had never smoked cigarettes were used to develop "normal" prediction equations. Using as normal limits the per cent of predicted value above which 95% of these "normal" subjects fell, maximal expiratory flow at 75% of the expired vital capacity (Vmax75) detected the greatest proportion of abnormalities in the remainder of the population. When examined according to age, however, Vmax75 was most sensitive in older subjects, whereas 1-sec forced expiratory volume was superior in younger subjects. There was a slight tendency for Vmax75 to be affected in subjects with reactive airway syndromes and for the 1-sec forced expiratory volume to be affected in heavy smokers or subjects with chronic productive cough. If one parameter was markedly abnormal, the entire flow-volume curve was likely to be affected, but concordance of the parameters examined was not complete. For the latter reason, considerable caution must be exercised in attempting to use multiple parameters in defining abnormality, unless one applies more stringent criteria for abnormality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Respiratory symptoms related to smoking habits of family adults.

A study of the effects of family smoking habits on the symptoms of other family members has shown that symptoms of household members, especially children, are related to smoking habits within the households but are not significantly so when symptoms in adults are controlled.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Immediate skin-test reactivity in a general population sample.

To assess the prevalence and distribution of allergic skin-test reactions in a general population sample, allergy prick tests were applied to 3101 subjects older than 2 years of age. Test materials included allergens common to the Tucson environment, and subjects were randomly stratified by age, sex, and socioeconomic status. No difference in the prevalence of measurable reactions was found among male subjects versus female subjects. A definite age relation was apparent, however, with the peak prevalence of reactivity (more than 40%) occurring during the third decade, and falling rapidly past age 50. When present, reactions tended to be multiple, highly reproducible, and more frequent among those in the higher socioeconomic strata. The prick test was judged to be a useful tool for the assessment of atopy.

Age Factors↗