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B C Tarlatzis

Publications and source records attributed to B C Tarlatzis.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

GnRH agonists vs antagonists.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists were introduced in ovarian stimulation for in-vitro fertilization to suppress the premature surge of luteinizing hormone (LH). Although agonist use is accompanied by a series of disadvantages, including hypoestrogenaemia, cyst formation, a requirement for a prolonged period of downregulation, and an increase in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LH as soon as the agonist is administered, agonists became well accepted in clinical practice as their use was also associated with increased rates of pregnancy. However, the recent development of side-effect-free GnRH antagonists, characterized by an immediate mode of action and a shorter period of administration. Provides clinicians with flexibility in terms of administration, and offers patients a friendlier method of ovarian stimulation. Comparative studies between the two analogues have suggested that the use of antagonists is associated with a shorter duration of FSH stimulation and a decreased incidence of hospital admission due to the occurrence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, while the probability of a live birth does not depend on the type of analogue used.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗
PubMed2006

Among patients treated for IVF with gonadotrophins and GnRH analogues, is the probability of live birth dependent on the type of analogue used? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to answer the following clinical question: among patients treated for IVF with gonadotrophins and GnRH analogues, is the probability of live birth per randomized patient dependent on the type of analogue used? Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published as a full manuscript in a peer-reviewed journal, that contained sufficient information to allow ascertainment of whether randomization was true and whether equality was present between the groups compared. A literature search identified 22 RCTs comparing GnRH antagonists and GnRH agonists that involved 3176 subjects. Where live birth was not reported in a study that fulfilled the inclusion criteria, an effort was made to contact the corresponding authors to retrieve the missing information. If this was not possible, the reported outcome measure, clinical pregnancy or ongoing pregnancy was converted to live birth in 12 studies using published data (Arce et al., 2005). No significant difference was present in the probability of live birth between the two GnRH analogues [odds ratio (OR), 0.86; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 0.72 to 1.02]. This result remains stable in subgroup analysis that ordered the studies by type of population studied, gonadotrophin type used for stimulation, type of agonist protocol used, type of agonist used, type of antagonist protocol used, type of antagonist used, presence of allocation concealment, presence of co-intervention and the way the information on live birth was retrieved. In conclusion, the probability of live birth after ovarian stimulation for IVF does not depend on the type of analogue used for pituitary suppression.

Female↗
PubMed2006

GnRH antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF.

The present review describes, on the basis of the currently available evidence, the consensus reached by a group of experts on the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF. The single or multiple low-dose administration of GnRH antagonist during the late-follicular phase effectively prevents a premature rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in most women. Although controversy remains, most comparative studies suggest a slight, not significant reduction in the probability of pregnancy after IVF using GnRH antagonist versus GnRH agonist co-treatment. Published meta-analyses suggest that this slight difference in pregnancy rates is not attributed to chance. Further studies applying varying treatment regimens and outcome measures are required. Data are not in favour of a need to modify the starting dose of gonadotropins. Data are not in favour of increasing gonadotropin dose at GnRH antagonist initiation. The addition of LH from the initiation of ovarian stimulation or from GnRH antagonist administration does not appear to be necessary. Replacement of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) by GnRH agonist for triggering final oocyte maturation is associated with a lower probability of pregnancy. The optimal timing for HCG administration needs to be explored further. GnRH antagonist initiation on day 6 of stimulation appears to be superior to flexible initiation by a follicle of 14-16 mm, although earlier GnRH antagonist administration is worth further evaluation. Luteal phase supplementation in GnRH antagonist protocols remains mandatory in IVF. Effects of GnRH antagonist co-treatment on the incidence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome remains uncertain, although a trend is present in favour of the GnRH antagonists. The role of GnRH antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF appears to be promising, although many questions regarding preferred dose regimens and effects on clinical outcomes remain.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed2006

GnRH-antagonists in ovarian stimulation for IVF in patients with poor response to gonadotrophins, polycystic ovary syndrome, and risk of ovarian hyperstimulation: a meta-analysis.

This article is a systematic review of the literature on utilization of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonists (GnRH-ant) for ovarian stimulation for IVF in special patient groups. Summarized by meta-analysis are the data from randomized controlled trials (RCT) in which GnRH-agonist (GnRH-a) and GnRH-ant were compared (eight RCT for poor response, four RCT for PCOS). Also reviewed are the data from two RCT and 13 retrospective or observational trials in which patients at risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) were triggered with GnRH-agonist instead of HCG. For poor responders, no differences in clinical outcomes were found, except a significantly higher number of cumulus-oocyte complexes in GnRH-antagonist multiple dose protocol as compared to GnRH-agonist long protocol (P=0.05). For PCOS patients, no differences in outcomes were found, except a significantly shorter duration of stimulation, when GnRH-antagonist multiple dose protocol and GnRH-agonist long protocol are compared (P<0.01). However, sample sizes are still small and power to detect subtle differences is therefore limited. For OHSS risk patients triggered with GnRH-agonist, reports on the efficacy of this measure vary in the literature. GnRH-agonist triggering appears to be associated with a reduction in the incidence of mild and moderate OHSS. For prevention of severe OHSS, as yet, only very limited evidence is available.

Drug Administration Schedule↗
PubMed2005

Laterality in five-year-olds conceived by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, standard in vitro fertilisation and natural conception: a European study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess laterality in a group of European children conceived with the help of assisted reproductive therapy, or naturally conceived. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Five European countries. POPULATION: A total of 1525 five-year-old children divided into three groups according to conception status: naturally conceived; intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI); in vitro fertilisation (IVF) group. METHODS: All children were assessed using the McCarthy Scale of Children's Abilities (Motor Scale) with additional items using a comb, a spoon and an indirect measure was made of the parental handedness scores, using a questionnaire. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Child handedness for drawing and writing. RESULTS: Observed handedness did not differ significantly between natural conception, IVF and ICSI in girls or boys, except for ICSI-conceived girls, fewer of whom were left-handed than the naturally conceived controls, 7.0%versus 12.4% (P < 0.05), however, this was close to the population norm of 8%. The degree of parental handedness did not significantly vary in the three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Laterality, as assessed by handedness, may be marginally less common in girls conceived with assisted reproductive therapies than with children conceived naturally.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

International collaborative study of intracytoplasmic sperm injection-conceived, in vitro fertilization-conceived, and naturally conceived 5-year-old child outcomes: cognitive and motor assessments.

OBJECTIVE: To date, very few studies have been conducted on the neurodevelopmental well-being of children conceived through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The limitations of these studies often include a lack of comparison with a demographically matched, naturally conceived (NC) group and the investigation of only very young children, with relatively small samples sizes. One study showed that there were no differences in IQ scores among ICSI-conceived, in vitro fertilization (IVF)-conceived, and NC children at 5 years of age. Unfortunately, psychomotor development was not assessed in that study. Because findings regarding these children's cognitive and motor development are inconclusive, the aim of this study was to shed more light on the cognitive and motor development of 5-year-old ICSI-conceived children. METHODS: A total of 511 ICSI-conceived children were compared with 424 IVF-conceived children and 488 NC controls. Children were recruited in 5 European countries, ie, Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Participation rates ranged from 45% to 96% in the ICSI and IVF groups and from 34% to 78% in the NC group. Cognitive and motor development was assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-Revised (WPPSI-R) and McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) Motor Scale, respectively. The WPPSI-R consists of 2 major scales, ie, Verbal and Performance, each including 6 subtests. The 6 Performance Scale subtests are object assembly, geometric design, block design, mazes, picture completion, and animal pegs. The 6 Verbal Scale subtests are information, comprehension, arithmetic, vocabulary, similarities, and sentences. Scores on the Performance and Verbal Scale subtests are summed to yield the performance IQ (PIQ) and verbal IQ (VIQ), respectively. Scores on both the Performance Scale and the Verbal Scale yield the full-scale IQ (FSIQ). IQ scales have a mean score of 100 and a SD of 15. Each subtest has a mean score of 10 and a SD of 3. The MSCA consists of 6 scales, ie, Verbal, Perceptual-Performance, Quantitative, General Cognitive, Memory, and Motor Scale. In this study, only the Motor Scale was administered. This scale assesses the child's coordination during performance of a variety of gross- and fine-motor tasks. Leg coordination, arm coordination, and imitative action tests provide measures of gross-motor ability. Draw-a-design and draw-a-child assess fine-motor coordination, as revealed by the levels of hand coordination and finger dexterity. The mean score for this test is 50, with a SD of . RESULTS: No differences were identified among ICSI, IVF, and NC children with respect to VIQ, PIQ, or FSIQ scores of the WPPSI-R. Furthermore, there were no differences between groups regarding the discrepancy between VIQ and PIQ scores. These results were not influenced by gender, country, or maternal educational level. However, in the subgroup of firstborn children with mothers who gave birth at an older age (33-45 years), NC children obtained significantly better VIQ and FSIQ scores than did children conceived through assisted reproductive technologies. These differences in VIQ and FSIQ scores between ICSI/IVF and NC children were relative, because NC children scored <1 IQ point higher than ICSI/IVF children. Therefore, these scores show no clinical relevance. For Verbal Scale subtests, variables such as age of the mother at the time of the birth, educational level of the mother, and gender and nationality of the child interacted with mode of conception, resulting in clinically irrelevant differences between scores for the ICSI/IVF and NC groups on the arithmetic, vocabulary, and comprehension subtests. For Performance Scale subtests, these same demographic factors interacted with mode of conception for the block design, object assembly, and animal pegs subtests, again resulting in clinically irrelevant differences among groups. In the 3 groups (ICSI, IVF, and NC), we observed equal numbers of children scoring below 1 SD from the mean on the WPPSI-R and the MSCA. CONCLUSIONS: This study includes a substantial number of children from several European countries. Apart from a few interaction effects between mode of conception and demographic variables, no differences were found when ICSI, IVF, and NC scores on the WPPSI-R and MSCA Motor Scale were compared. Nevertheless, the aforementioned interaction effects could indicate that demographic variables such as maternal age at the time of the birth and maternal educational level play different roles in the cognitive development of IVF and ICSI children, compared with NC children. Additional research is needed to explore and verify this finding. Previous studies revealed that ICSI children, in comparison with NC children, more frequently obtained scores below 1 SD from the mean on 3 subtests of the Performance Scale (object assembly, block design, and mazes) or showed a trend of 5.2% of ICSI children, compared with 2.5% of IVF children and 0.9% of NC children, obtaining a score below 1 SD from the mean, but those findings were not confirmed in this study. Here no differences were found among the 3 groups in the numbers of children scoring below 1 SD from the mean on the VIQ, PIQ, and FSIQ tests and the Verbal and Performance Scale subtests. Motor development results were somewhat more conclusive. There were no differences between the scores of ICSI, IVF, and NC children on the MCSA Motor Scale. No interaction effects were found between mode of conception and demographic variables, indicating that these results are not influenced by gender, nationality, maternal educational level, or maternal age at the time of the birth. Furthermore, equal proportions of children in all 3 groups scored below 1 SD from the mean. The results of this study are reassuring for parents who conceived through ICSI (or IVF). The findings indicate that the motor and cognitive development of their offspring is very similar to that of NC children. However, demographic factors such as maternal educational level and maternal age at the time of the birth might play different roles in the cognitive development of ICSI and IVF children, compared with NC children.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed2004

A multi-centre cohort study of the physical health of 5-year-old children conceived after intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro fertilization and natural conception.

BACKGROUND: Over a million children have been born from assisted conception worldwide. Newer techniques being introduced appear less and less 'natural', such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), but there is little information on these children beyond the neonatal period. METHODS: 540 ICSI conceived 5-year-old children from five European countries were comprehensively assessed, along with 538 matched naturally conceived children and 437 children conceived with standard IVF. RESULTS: Of the 540 ICSI children examined, 63 (4.2%) had experienced a major congenital malformation. Compared with naturally conceived children, the odds of a major malformation were 2.77 (95% CI 1.41-5.46) for ICSI children and 1.80 (95% CI 0.85-3.81) for IVF children; these estimates were little affected by adjustment for socio-demographic factors. The higher rate observed in the ICSI group was due partially to an excess of malformations in the (boys') urogenital system. In addition, ICSI and IVF children were more likely than naturally conceived children to have had a significant childhood illness, to have had a surgical operation, to require medical therapy and to be admitted to hospital. A detailed physical examination revealed no further substantial differences between the groups, however. CONCLUSIONS: Singleton ICSI and IVF 5-year-olds are more likely to need health care resources than naturally conceived children. Assessment of singleton ICSI and IVF children at 5 years of age was generally reassuring, however, we found that ICSI children presented with more major congenital malformations and both ICSI and IVF children were more likely to need health care resources than naturally conceived children. Ongoing monitoring of these children is therefore required.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2004

The influence of assisted reproduction on family functioning and children's socio-emotional development: results from a European study.

BACKGROUND: ICSI is used with increasing frequency, but there is less information about the children born following this method of assisted reproduction than other forms of IVF. Some authors have suggested that it may contribute to more family stress than IVF. METHODS: ICSI conceived children were compared with IVF conceived children and naturally conceived (NC) controls. They were selected in five European countries: Belgium, Denmark, Greece, Sweden and the UK, and seen for psychological testing and a paediatric examination when they were 5 years old. In all countries, except Greece, mothers and fathers were asked to complete questionnaires about parental well-being, family relationships, parenting and child behaviour. RESULTS: Very few differences were found between the ICSI and NC group or the ICSI and IVF group. The only significant differences were that mothers in the ICSI conceived group reported fewer hostile or aggressive feelings towards the child and higher levels of commitment to parenting than the mothers of NC children. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms the results of previous work with IVF families. This should be encouraging for families using these techniques in the future.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Direct ovarian effects and safety aspects of GnRH agonists and antagonists.

The wide application of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues in assisted reproduction has raised concerns about their potential extra-pituitary actions. Although data from animal studies support the presence of ovarian GnRH receptors and of direct ovarian effects of GnRH analogues, this has not been unequivocally demonstrated in humans. Available evidence suggests, however, the existence of GnRH receptors in human granulosa-luteal cells, while the majority of the studies performed showed that progesterone is inhibited by GnRH agonists in vitro. On the other hand, no difference seems to exist between agonists and antagonists in terms of granulosa-luteal cell steroidogenesis under basal conditions. So far, no studies have suggested an adverse effect of GnRH analogues on the developing human follicle. Moreover, the physiological significance of a direct in-vitro ovarian effect of GnRH analogues remains to be established.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Oocyte donation: clinical and practical aspects.

Oocyte donation is an effective treatment modality for women lacking functioning ovaries, but also for women in whom repetitive in-vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles did not result in the development of adequate number of oocytes as well as for those at risk of transmitting genetic diseases. In women with ovarian failure, artificial menstrual cycles are required in order to produce endometrial growth and differentiation similar to that in women with normal ovarian function. Synchronization of donor's and recipient's cycles is mandatory, since the window of implantation is rather limited. The excellent results of oocyte donation treatment confirm that this assisted reproduction technique can provide a novel approach for the treatment of infertility in these groups of patients. Nevertheless, pregnancies in women of advanced reproductive age are associated with significantly more obstetrical complications and higher perinatal morbidity and mortality rates. Furthermore, aging parents have considerably higher chances to develop serious or life-threatening diseases. Thus, careful medical screening and extensive counselling is mandatory, taking into account the psychosocial ramifications of the procedure and, especially, the best interest of the child-to-be.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Significance of chromosomal aberrations for the unsuccessful procedures of assisted reproduction.

Lymphocyte cultures from patients who had previously undergone at least three unsuccessful procedures of assisted reproduction were analysed for cytogenetic abnormalities. A total of 12,657 metaphases from 33 individuals (15 patients and 18 healthy controls with two normal offsprings) were studied. A significantly higher incidence (P<0.001) of chromosome aberrations was found in the patients (6.79+/-0.68%; x+/-SD) as compared to the controls (1.72+/-0.3%; P<0.001). Chromosomal breakages, particularly at the centromere region, were also observed with significantly increased frequency in the patients than in the controls (6.18+/-0.65 vs. 1.42+/-0.27%, respectively; P<0.001). It is possible that the high rate of centromere breakages in the ART patients (3.18+/-0.47 vs. 0.26+/-0.12%, P<0.001) may predispose to meiotic chromosomal abnormalities. A single cell aberration was demonstrated in 0.61+/-0.21% of ART patients' lymphocytes versus 0.3+/-0.12% in the controls (P<0.01). Structural rearrangements and chromosomal breaks predominantly affected the bands containing genes for the immune response and the cell cycle. Mosaic karyotypes were found in six patients. One of them had a karyotype 46,XX/46,XX,r(14) and the others had sex chromosomal mosaicisms. The prenatal diagnosis could be essential in these cases. It is concluded that chromosomal aberrations could play a role in the repeated failure of ART procedures.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Survey of world results.

The widespread application of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has raised concern about the efficacy and safety of this novel technique. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) has established an ICSI Task Force to collect annually the clinical results, the outcome of pregnancy, and the follow-up of children after ICSI using ejaculated, epididymal, and testicular sperm in order to address these important issues in a relatively short time. Over a 3-year span (1993-1995), the number of centers for ICSI increased from 35 to 101, and the total number of ICSI cycles per year rose from 3,157 to 23,932. The incidence of oocytes damaged by the procedure remained low (< 10%), whereas the fertilization rates obtained with ejaculated, epididymal, and testicular spermatozoa for 1995 were 64%, 62%, and 52%, respectively. Thus, 86-90% of the couples had embryo transfer, and the viable pregnancy rate was 21% for ejaculated, 22% for epididymal, and 19% for testicular sperm, while the incidence of multiple gestations was 29%, 30%, and 38%, respectively. It is noteworthy that no difference was found in ICSI results concerning the etiology of azoospermia, for example, obstructive (congenital or acquired) or nonobstructive. Furthermore, 3,149 transfers of frozen-thawed embryos after ICSI with ejaculated, epididymal, or testicular sperm were performed, and in 11%, 9%, and 7% of them, respectively, a viable pregnancy was achieved. The ICSI results were similar during this 3-year period, irrespective of the origin of the sperm. The perinatal outcome of children born after ICSI was not different from that after in vitro fertilization or natural conception and was only affected by multiplicity. Moreover, the incidence of major or minor malformations was not increased, but the chromosomal, especially the sex chromosomal, aberration rate was slightly elevated (approximately 2%). Therefore, ICSI has opened new horizons in the treatment of male infertility. The achievement of pregnancy after ICSI using ejaculated, epididymal, or testicular sperm is very satisfactory. The procedure seems to be safe, but further follow-up of the children is necessary to more accurately assess its safety.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1999

Pregnancy and child outcome after assisted reproduction techniques.

The introduction and widespread application of assisted reproduction techniques have raised major concern about the outcome of resulting pregnancies, as well as about the offspring's health. It seems that pregnancies achieved after standard in-vitro fertilization (IVF) bear an increased risk for prematurity and low birth weight. On the other hand, pregnancy outcome of singletons achieved after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and after the transfer of frozen-thawed embryos is similar to that of spontaneously conceived singletons, and pregnancy complications are related only to gestation multiplicity. The incidence of congenital and chromosomal anomalies after standard IVF seems to be similar to that expected in the general population. The prevalence of congenital malformations does not seem to be higher after ICSI. On the other hand, there is a slightly increased risk for transmission of chromosomal aberrations of paternal origin and a higher risk of de novo, mainly sex-chromosomal aberrations. Postnatal growth and development of children born after standard IVF and cryopreservation seem to be within the normal ranges. Growth of ICSI children is also normal while their mental development needs further investigation. Family functioning in assisted reproduction families is better.

Child Development↗
PubMed1998

Cytokines in the human ovary: presence in follicular fluid and correlation with leukotriene B4.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to correlate the follicular levels of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha, IL-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and leukotriene (LT) B4 with oocyte maturity, fertilization, and achievement of pregnancy. METHODS: The material was obtained from 22 women undergoing IVF, 8 of whom became pregnant and 14 of whom did not. RESULTS: All of the studied cytokines and LT B4 were found in follicular fluids, but there were no significant differences according to oocyte maturity, fertilization, embryo quality, and achievement of pregnancy. On the other hand, a significant positive correlation was found between IL-1 alpha and TNF-alpha, IL-1 alpha, and LT B4 as well as between TNF-alpha and LT B4 in follicular fluids with subsequently fertilized oocytes. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that IL-1 alpha, TNF-alpha and LT B4 may take part in the process of follicle wall degradation, and their follicular correlations may suggest more optimal follicular and oocyte development and maturation.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Survey on intracytoplasmic sperm injection: report from the ESHRE ICSI Task Force. European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology.

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has revolutionized the treatment of male infertility, since normal fertilization and ongoing pregnancies can be achieved with severely affected spermatozoa. Hence, the application of ICSI is rapidly expanding around the world, necessitating an accurate assessment of the efficacy and safety of this novel technique. The European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE) Task Force is gathering data annually on the clinical results, the pregnancy outcome and the follow-up of children born after ICSI using ejaculated, epididymal and testicular spermatozoa, in order to be able to provide reliable information on these important issues. During the 3 years 1993-1995, the number of centres performing ICSI increased from 35 to 101, and the total number of ICSI cycles performed per year rose from 3157 to 23932. The incidence of oocytes damaged by the procedure remained low (<10%) and the fertilization rates obtained with ejaculated, epididymal and testicular spermatozoa in 1995 were 64, 62.5 and 52% respectively. Thus, approximately 90% of the couples had an embryo transfer and the viable pregnancy rate was 21% for ejaculated, 22% for epididymal and 19% for testicular spermatozoa (with 25-30% multiple pregnancies). Furthermore, 3149 transfers of frozen-thawed embryos were performed and 7-11% of them resulted in a viable pregnancy. The ICSI results were similar during this 3 year period, irrespective of the origin of the spermatozoa. The perinatal outcome of children born after ICSI was not different from those born after in-vitro fertilization (IVF) or natural conception, and was only affected by multiplicity. Moreover, the incidence of major or minor malformations was not increased, but the chromosomal, especially the sex-chromosomal, aberration rate was slightly elevated. To summarize, a very high success rate is obtained by ICSI independently of the source of the spermatozoa, verifying the superiority of ICSI over conventional IVF. The procedure seems to be safe, but further follow-up of the children is necessary in order to be able to assess its safety more accurately.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1997

Therapeutic approach of immotile cilia syndrome by intracytoplasmic sperm injection: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of immotile cilia syndrome, a very rare cause of male infertility and to evaluate the role of the recently suggested treatment by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary-care academic hospital. PATIENT(S): One man with immotile cilia syndrome, showing no motile spermatozoa despite normal morphology and viability. INTERVENTION(S): The patient's partner underwent two cycles with IVF of the oocytes achieved by ICSI. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Evaluation of ICSI procedure in cases of immotile cilia syndrome. RESULT(S): Thirty-three percent of the oocytes were fertilized and subsequently divided enabling ET in both cycles. CONCLUSION(S): Intracytoplasmic sperm injection seems to represent a promising approach to the problem of infertility in men with immotile cilia syndrome.

Adult↗