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B Caan

Publications and source records attributed to B Caan.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Variations in sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of a dietary fat screener modified from Block et al.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of a fat screener modified from Block et al to discriminate persons whose diets consist of 38% of kilocalories or more from fat from the remainder of the population. DESIGN: Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the adapted screener were calculated. Percentage of kilocalories from fat was assessed by means of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Three cutoff points from the fat screener were used to examine which best identified those whose diets consisted of 38% of kilocalories or more from fat. SUBJECTS: Nine hundred ninety-seven persons responded to a food frequency questionnaire sent to a random sample of 2,000 members of a health maintenance organization. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity varied depending on which cutoff point from the fat screener was used. Sensitivity reached a high of 83.3% and specificity reached a high of 92.1%, but the screener was never highly sensitive and specific simultaneously, and the results did not vary considerably by race. The screener had low rates of gross misclassification into quintiles (< or = 2.7%) and was more effective at classifying respondents into quintiles of total fat intake (64.9% to 85.5% classified in the same quintile) than into quintiles of percentage of kilocalories from fat (43.2% to 60.5% classified in the same quintile). CONCLUSIONS: The adapted fat screener may be used in conjunction with other dietary evaluation methods, but it exhibits insufficient sensitivity and specificity to be used as a single assessment method.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

A study of the reliability and comparative validity of the cardia dietary history.

This study evaluated the reliability and comparative validity of the dietary history survey method developed for CARDIA, a longitudinal investigation of life-styles and the evolution of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults. The method was tested in a sample of 30 white men, 33 white women, 33 black men, and 32 black women, aged 18 to 35 years, in four regions reflecting the race, sex, age, and geographical distribution of CARDIA participants. For 64 of the participants, two dietary history interviews, 1 month apart, were conducted by trained nutritionists. These data were used to examine the reliability of the method. For all participants, seven telephone- assessed 24-hour dietary recalls were randomly scheduled during a 28-day period and were followed by a dietary history interview. These data were used to examine the comparative validity of the method. Calories, total fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, dietary cholesterol, protein, carbohydrate, alcohol, potassium, calcium, and vitamin A were selected by the CARDIA Nutrition Working Group as the nutrients for comparison. Mean nutrient values from the first history tended to be higher than those obtained from the last history. However, for a majority of the nutrients, the differences were significant for blacks but not for whites. The correlations for the log-transformed nutrient values and calorie-adjusted nutrient values from the two histories were generally in the range of 0.50 to 0.80 for whites. For blacks, the correlations were lower, with a majority in the range of 0.30 to 0.70. The average nutrient values estimated from the histories were higher than those estimated from the average of the seven 24-hour recalls. The differences in blacks were larger than in whites. For both the log-transformed nutrient values and the calorie-adjusted nutrient values, the correlations between the two methods were generally larger than 0.50 for whites. However, for blacks, the correlations were lower, and for several macronutrients, the correlations were close to zero. These results suggest that the CARDIA dietary history is a reasonably reliable and valid dietary survey method for obtaining information about habitual intakes in whites. In blacks, the results are less consistent. The black-white differences remained when the analyses were stratified by education. These results raise a question about differences in reporting between blacks and whites.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Changes in measurements of body fat distribution accompanying weight change.

The waist-to-hip circumference ratio (WHR), as an indicator of body fat distribution is related to several clinical diseases. Whether one can reduce this ratio with weight loss is still unconfirmed and may differ between sexes. The degree to which WHR changes with weight gain is also unclear. Changes in waist and hip circumferences and WHR accompanying changes in weight over 5 years were examined in 3,753 black and white men and women initially ages 18-30. Those who gained weight increased their WHR and in most cases those whose weight remained stable increased their WHR. Those who gained the most weight had the greatest increases in WHR. Men had greater increases in WHR per kg weight gain than women. In general, weight loss was accompanied by a decrease in the WHR. However, in those whose initial WHR was below the median, weight loss was associated with an increase in WHR. Smokers and black males also had increases in WHR with weight losses up to 4.9 kg.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1993

Inconsistent associations of caffeine-containing beverages with blood pressure and with lipoproteins. The CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults.

The authors examined associations of caffeine and caffeinated beverage intakes with blood pressure and with lipoproteins in 5,115 black and white men and women aged 18-30 years during 1985-1986. Caffeine and beverage intakes were not consistently associated with blood pressure in analyses controlling for race, sex, Keys score, sucrose intake, physical activity, oral contraceptive use, body mass index, alcohol use, age, and smoking. Associations of caffeine and beverage intakes with cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein2 cholesterol were also inconsistent. There is little or no association of caffeine with lipoproteins or with blood pressure in this cohort of healthy young adults.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Relationship of apolipoprotein E phenotypes to hypocholesterolemia.

PURPOSE: Persons with total cholesterol (TC) levels less than 130 mg/dL (less than 3.26 mmol/L) make up less than 1% of a healthy population. Causes of hypocholesterolemia include a diet very low in cholesterol and saturated fat, disease, genetic factors (including low apolipoprotein B-100 [apo B-100] and the apo E allele), and drug therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the causes of hypocholesterolemia in a healthy Kaiser Foundation Health Plan (KFHP) population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a dietary and health survey of 201 healthy hypocholesterolemic adults (range: 2.04 to 3.88 mmol/L [79 to 150 mg/dL]) and 200 matched control subjects with TC levels in the middle quintile of the population (range: 5.0 to 5.61 mmol/L [194 to 217 mg/dL]) who had routine health screening from 1983 through 1985. We did apo E phenotyping studies and lipid and apo A-1 and B-100 measurements in a subgroup of 45 hypocholesterolemic subjects (mean TC level: 3.26 mmol/L [126 mg/dL]) and in a comparison group of 49 unmatched volunteers (mean TC level: 5.04 +/- 0.75 mmol/L [195 +/- 29 mg/dL]). RESULTS: We found no differences in dietary intake or clinically significant medical illness between hypocholesterolemic and control subjects. In the hypocholesterolemic subgroup, we found an increased frequency of the apo E2 allele (epsilon 2) and a decreased frequency of the apo E4 allele (epsilon 4); the frequencies of the epsilon 2, epsilon 3, and epsilon 4 alleles were 33.3%, 63.3%, and 3.3%, respectively. The corresponding apo E allele frequencies in the comparison subgroup were 8.2%, 73.5%, and 18.4%, similar to those previously reported for the general population and significantly different from those found in the hypocholesterolemic subgroup (p < 0.0001). One hypocholesterolemic subject (a 46th patient) had a mutation in the apo B gene that resulted in the synthesis of a truncated species of apo B (apo B-46). CONCLUSION: Our study indicates that hypocholesterolemia in our KFHP urban population is usually not caused by diet or disease. Biochemical factors, including the increased frequency of the apo E-2 phenotype and the decreased frequency of the apo E-4 phenotype, are more important.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Association between alcoholic and caffeinated beverages and premenstrual syndrome.

We examined the association between alcohol and caffeine consumption and premenstrual syndrome (PMS). One hundred two women with PMS matched by age and race to an equal number of women without PMS were compared for differences in intake of alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, with differences determined using Student's t-tests and conditional logistic regression for matched pairs. Information on alcohol and caffeinated beverage consumption was obtained from three 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted during the postmenstrual period and from three conducted during the premenstrual period. Results showed that no significant difference was observed in total caffeine intake or in the individual caffeinated beverages consumed during either the post-menstrual or the premenstrual period. For alcohol consumption, however, women with PMS drank 1.41 (95% confidence interval; range, 0.34-2.47) more servings per week during the postmenstrual period. Based on post-menstrual consumption, women in the heaviest drinking category (> or = 10 drinks per week) were significantly more likely to have moderate to severe PMS (P < .005) than nondrinkers. This same significant relation, but to a lesser degree, was observed based on premenstrual consumption. We conclude that because PMS is more strongly associated with alcohol consumed in the symptom-free, postmenstrual period, drinking is unlikely to be simply a response to PMS symptoms as others have previously suggested.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Quality control of dietary data collection in the CARDIA study.

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in (Young) Adults (CARDIA) Study developed and implemented quality control (QC) measures to minimize misclassification associated with dietary data. Manual and automated data inspection were used to monitor quality. Of the 5111 participants who completed a dietary history, 717 (14%) had dietary forms reviewed and 153 (3%) had the interview audiotaped. Results show that for the 717 forms reviewed, the overall form completion error rate was 0.22% and the "critical" error rate (i.e., those errors impacting on nutrient computations) was 0.12%. The proportion of forms free of any type of error increased over time (p less than 0.0001). The discrepancy rate in recording and interviewing methods as estimated from the 153 audiotaped interviews was 0.7%. Inter-interviewer differences were small as indicated by the audiotaped interviews and the proportion of error-free forms completed by interviewers. The results indicate that the dietary data collected in CARDIA were completely and accurately recorded for use in analysis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Implications of obesity for cardiovascular disease in blacks: the CARDIA and ARIC studies.

To examine the relation of obesity to cardiovascular disease in blacks, we analyzed data from two population studies, including young and middle-aged adults. Obesity, defined by using the sum of subscapular and triceps skinfold measurements, was positively associated with atherogenic plasma lipids, systolic blood pressure, serum glucose and insulin, and prevalence of diabetes mellitus. The strength of these associations, for the most part, was similar in blacks and whites. However, with each unit increase in sum of skinfold thicknesses, plasma triglyceride concentrations in blacks appeared to increase only one-third to one-half as much as in whites. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in 45- to 65-y-old blacks was associated with obesity; the odds ratio (95% confidence interval), adjusted for age and cigarette smoking, was 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) in both black men and black women. Additional analyses showed that abdominal adiposity conferred increased risk. These findings suggest that both blacks and whites should avoid excess adiposity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Diet, body size, and plasma lipids-lipoproteins in young adults: differences by race and sex. The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.

The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study completed baseline dietary assessment, measurement of body mass index, and lipid and lipoprotein analyses on 5,111 participants. CARDIA includes black and white men and women between 18 and 30 years of age at baseline (1985-1986), recruited in Birmingham, Alabama, Chicago, Illinois, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Oakland, California. Diet was assessed by a detailed interviewer-administered diet history that measured the usual eating pattern over the past month. Possible sex, race, age, and educational differences in diet, body size, and lipids-lipoproteins were explored. Nutrient analyses indicate that the Keys score, a measure of dietary fat composition, is significantly correlated with plasma cholesterol in older (aged 25-30 years) white men (r = 0.12, p less than 0.01) and older white women (r = 0.12, p less than 0.001). In multiple linear regression analyses, body mass index was positively and significantly associated with total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol and inversely associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol across all race-sex groups. The Keys score was significantly associated with total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in white men and women. Education was associated with high density lipoprotein cholesterol in black and white women and white men. In these young adults, dietary fat intake and body mass index were related to blood lipids in certain subgroups. In black and white men and black women, blood cholesterol increased with age across race-sex groups independently of these covariates. In view of the many factors affecting plasma cholesterol and the limitations of the dietary history method, these cross-sectional data are useful in characterizing diet and lipid differences. There appears to be general disparity between recommended dietary intake of total fat, saturated fat, and other nutrients and actual dietary intake in young adults, regardless of age and educational level.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Mailed dietary surveys: response rates, error rates, and the effect of omitted food items on nutrient values.

Mailed surveys may be a cost-effective way to collect dietary information in large populations. We sent a brief quantified food frequency survey to a random sample of 2,000 prepaid health plan members between the ages of 20 and 65 years for two consecutive years. Logistic regression was used to predict the probability of: (1) responding to the questionnaire, (2) completing all 60 items in the questionnaire correctly so that all information could be used (responding entirely correctly), and (3) completing all 60 items in the questionnaire incorrectly so that no information was usable (responding entirely incorrectly). In a follow-up survey of a subsample of respondents, Spearman correlation coefficients were used to compare nutrient intakes calculated from questionnaires that had omitted data with those from the same questionnaires after the missing information was completed by telephone interview. About 50% of all persons surveyed returned the questionnaire. Response rates were highest among persons who had taken a voluntary multiphasic health examination, among women, and among older persons. Only 22.9% of the respondents in year 1 and 27.7% of the respondents in year 2 responded entirely correctly; a small percentage of respondents (12.1%) omitted more than 10 food items. Responding entirely correctly was inversely related to age and related to race. Most correlations between nutrient intakes calculated from questionnaires with omitted data and those from the same questionnaire subsequently completed by telephone interview were greater than 0.90 and increased as the number of omitted items decreased. If a relatively low overall response rate is acceptable, food frequencies collected through the mail can be an effective way to gather dietary information.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The CARDIA dietary history: development, implementation, and evaluation.

To meet the objectives for dietary assessment in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) prospective study, we developed a dietary history to provide accurate and reliable quantitative data on habitual individual nutrient intakes at baseline. The CARDIA dietary history was an interviewer-administered method that included a short questionnaire regarding general dietary practices followed by a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire about typical intake of foods using the previous month as a reference for recall. For each broad category of foods, participants were questioned in detail about specific foods only if they indicated that they consumed foods from that category. Follow-up questions for selected foods concerned serving size, frequency of consumption, and common additions to these foods. Provision was made for reporting foods not found in the food frequency list. The interview took approximately 45 minutes. Cue cards prompted responses and plastic food models assisted in estimating usual amounts consumed. A precoded format standardized coding for reported items and established the detail needed for recall during the interview. Baseline nutrient analyses from the CARDIA dietary history provided estimates that agreed reasonably well with expected caloric intake for body mass index according to the age- and sex-specific Recommended Dietary Allowances, but were higher than those reported from 24-hour recalls for comparable age, sex, and race groups in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The CARDIA dietary history is a comprehensive assessment tool that can provide a dietitian with detailed information regarding habitual eating patterns and nutrient intakes among adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Benefits associated with WIC supplemental feeding during the interpregnancy interval.

Interpregnancy WIC supplementation was evaluated by comparing maternal nutritional status indicators and subsequent birth outcomes of 703 WIC participants divided into two groups. Study group women received postpartum benefits for 5-7 mo while control group women received postpartum benefits for only 0-2 mo. Both groups received prenatal benefits during each of two study pregnancies. Infants born to study group women had a higher mean birthweight (131 g) and birthlength (0.3 cm) and a lower risk of being less than or equal to 2500 g. Additionally, at the onset of the second pregnancy study group women had higher mean hemoglobin levels and lower risk of maternal obesity. These results suggest that postpartum WIC supplementation has positive benefits for both the mother and her subsequent infants.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1980

Behavioral responses to artificial food colors.

Twenty-two young children, maintained on a diet that excluded certain foods, were challenged intermittently with a blend of seven artificial colors in a double-blind trial. Parents' observations provided the criteria of response. One child that responded mildly to the challenge and one that responded dramatically were detected. The latter, a 34-month-old female, showed a significant increase in aversive behaviors. These results further confirm previous controlled studies.

Behavior↗