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Biomedical subjects

B Cramer

Publications and source records attributed to B Cramer.

60 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

[Problems in prevention of mental disorders in preschool children].

In primary prevention, we meet many methodological difficulties: the promotion of mental health requires the transmission of specialized knowledge: this is in fact very difficult to realise. Validation of such programs is impossible. Moreover, primary prevention remains generally unspecific, often helpless--as in the case of psychosis. Problems of prediction are so important that we are not even able to predict--and then to prevent--the development of depression, one of the most common forms of psychiatric disturbance. Early diagnosis (secondary prevention) is also still inadequate: in most cases, we do not know how symptoms detected in early childhood will develop. In view of the poor state of etiopathogenic theories, 2 concepts are being used preferentially in prevention: high risk groups, and the notion of crisis. Large segments of population can be evaluated from these points of view and provided with preventive interventions. Prevention programs can address themselves to either the child himself, his family, or his larger environment. Most successful prevention programs organised by psychiatrists have addressed themselves to the early mother-child interaction. This is one of the most valuable targets for high risk or crisis interventions. Now that various preventive programs have been active for years, one can start evaluating the first results of primary prevention: while difficulties are enormous, one should not regress to comfortable isolationism of clinical work only. On the other hand, utopian dreams of eradication of psychic troubles through environmental manipulation are not valid any longer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Biogeochemical processes of methane cycle in the soils, swamps and lakes of Western Siberia].

The biogeochemical processes of methane production and oxidation were studied in the upper horizons of tundra and taiga soils and of raised bogs and lake bottom sediments nearby the Tarkosalinsk gas field in western Siberia. Both in dry and water-logged soils, the total methane concentration (in soil particles and gaseous phase) was an order of magnitude higher than in the soil gaseous phase alone (22 and 1.1 nl/cm3, respectively). In bogs and lake bottom sediments, methane concentration was as high as 11 microliters/cm3. Acetate was the major precursor of the newly formed methane. The rate of aceticlastic methanogenesis reached 55 ng C/(cm3 day), whereas that of autotrophic methanogenesis was an order of magnitude lower. The most active methane production and oxidation were observed in bogs and lake sediments where the delta 13C values of CO2 were inversely related to the intensity of bacterial methane oxidation. Methane diffusing from bogs and lake bottom sediments showed delta 13C values ranging from -78 to -47@1000, whereas the delta 13C value of carbon dioxide ranged from -18 to -6@1000. In these ecosystems, methane emission comprised from 3 to 206 mg CH4/(m2 day). Conversely, the dry and water-logged soils of tundra and taiga took up atmospheric methane at a rate varying from 0.3 to 5.3 mg CH4/(m2 day). Methane consumption in soils was of biological rather than of adsorptive nature. This was confirmed by the radioisotopic method and chamber experiments, in which weighting of methane carbon was observed (the delta 13C value changed from -51 to -41@1000).

Bacteria↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunohistochemical localization of pregnancy-specific beta 1-globulin in placentas at various ages].

In the study reported here the dispersion of pregnancy-specific beta 1-globulin (SP1) in placentas from the 6th to the 40th week of pregnancy was determined by means of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method; cytophotometric quantification of the stain reaction was also carried out. SP1 was only identified in syncytiotrophoblasts. Cytotrophoblasts, villous stroma and vascular endothelia were free of SP1. Within the syncytiotrophoblast SP1 was found in particularly large quantities in proliferation buds. Weaker reactions were obtained in the following order for: nucleated villous epithelium, non-nucleated epithelial squama, including the syncytiocapillary membranes, epithelial nodules with nuclear pyknosis and regressively changed villous epithelium associated with stromal fibrosis. Spectrophotometry of the extinction at the wave-length of the DAB-peroxidase product revealed, in relation to the age of the placenta, a relatively uniform intensity of reaction during the entire duration of pregnancy, with only a moderate rise up to the 24th week and a slight decrease until term.

Beta-Globulins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Immunohistochemical localization of human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen in placentas of various ages].

By means of the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase reaction it was possible to identify HCG and HPL in placentas between the 6th and 40th weeks in the syncytiotrophoblast, though not in the cytotrophoblast, the villous stroma or in vascular endothelia. A cytophotometric extinction measurement at 425 nm revealed a strong reaction intensity for HCG during the first trimester, a reduction to half this value in the second and further reduction in term placentas. In the 6th and 10th weeks of pregnancy only low quantities of HPL were demonstrable; the amount increased in the second trimester, attaining a maximum in the 24th week. In the third trimester the reaction intensity also decreased for HPL. Irrespective of the gestational age the identification decreased in the syncytiotrophoblast for both hormones in the following order; proliferation buds, necleated portions of epithelium, non-nucleated epithelial squamae, syncytiocapillary membranes, epithelium in cases with fibrosis of the villous stroma, epithelial nodes with nuclear pyknosis.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗