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Biomedical subjects

B E Chatterton

Publications and source records attributed to B E Chatterton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Body composition changes in elite male bodybuilders during preparation for competition.

Anthropometric profiles together with a 4 compartment criterion model of body composition analysis (total body water, bone mineral, fat and residual masses via a combination of deuterium dilution, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and hydrodensitometry) were conducted on 3 elite male bodybuilders 10 wk and then 5 d before competition. A mean body mass reduction from 99.70 (Quetelet's Index = 31.6 kg/m2) to 92.79 kg (Quetelet's Index = 29.2 kg/m2) was accompanied by a decline in the sum of 8 skinfold thicknesses (triceps, subscapular, biceps, iliac crest, supraspinale, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf) from 51.1 to 36.7 mm. The 4 compartment body composition model indicated that there were reductions of: percent body fat (%BF) from 9.1 to 5.0%, fat free mass (FFM) from 90.60 to 88.14 kg and fat mass (FM) from 9.10 to 4.65 kg. Sixty-four percent of the 6.91 kg loss in body mass therefore came from the FM. The 2 compartment hydrodensitometric model yielded higher %BFs (initial = 11.2; final = 7.1) than the 4 compartment model (initial = 9.1; final = 5.0) which is theoretically more valid because it controls for biological variability in the percentages of water and bone mineral in the FFM. Nevertheless, both models registered decreases of 4.1%BF.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Regional bone mineral density interrelationships in normal and osteoporotic postmenopausal women.

We describe a prospective study in which bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in total body and regions, proximal femur, lumbar spine, and forearm in 84 apparently normal postmenopausal women with normal spinal radiographs and in 47 women with 1-10 wedged or compressed vertebrae. There was a history of peripheral fracture in 35 of the 84 controls and 30 of the 47 osteoporotics (p < 0.02) but there was no association between vertebral fracture and wrist fracture. At all sites and regions, the differences in BMD between the "normal"and "osteoporotic" women was highly significant and all but "ribs" and "arms" remained significant after correction for menopausal age. In the whole set, and in both subgroups, the coefficients of correlation between sites and regions were all highly significant (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, some sites discriminated better between the two groups than others. Standardized odds ratios (OR) for vertebral fracture versus no-fracture were calculated by logistic regression and expressed as the rise in OR for each standard deviation (SD) fall in bone density. This ratio was greatest (3.4) in "pelvis" and weakest (1.7) in "ribs" but all were statistically significant. Geometric mean regression equations were calculated for all the 78 possible pairs of sites and regions in the 84 normal subjects and the deviations of the osteoporotic women from these normal slopes calculated. In most pairs of sites and regions, the vertebral fracture cases were scattered around the normal group's slope but fell lower down on both axes. The bone deficits in the osteoporotics compared with young normal women ranged from -14% in "head" to -40% in Ward's triangle and the T-scores ranged from -1.9 in "ribs" to -3.9 in the forearm. Sensitivity ranged from 17% in "ribs" to 36.2% in Ward's triangle. Specificity varied between 88 and 94% and the percent correctly classified ranged from 62.6% in "ribs" to 72.5% in Ward's triangle. We conclude that primary postmenopausal osteoporosis affects the entire skeleton but that some sites discriminate better between vertebral fracture and nonfracture cases regardless of whether they represent cortical or trabecular bone.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Vitamin D receptor genotypes are related to bone size and bone density in men.

Three restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene have been associated with a low bone density in twin and female population studies, but no studies have been conducted exclusively in men. We studied 146 normal men aged 20-83 years. Bone density was measured in the spine, hip, whole body and forearm, and the Bsm polymorphism for the vitamin D receptor was detected by the polymerase chain reaction. Men with genotype BB tended to have a lower bone density at all but one site than the other genotypes. In the men < or = 50 years of age bone density in the forearm was 7% lower in the BB than the Bb and bb groups (P = 0.030) but bone mineral content did not differ between the groups. Bone area was greater in the BB genotype at all sites. This was statistically significant in the forearm (P = 0.026). We conclude that BB genotype is associated with lower bone density in men, which may be due to larger bone size rather than reduced bone mass.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1996

Effects of cisapride on gastric emptying of oil and aqueous meal components, hunger, and fullness.

To evaluate the effects of cisapride on gastric emptying of extracellular fat and hunger and fullness 10 volunteers consumed a meal consisting of 60 ml technectium-99m (99mTc)-V-thiocyanate labelled olive oil and 290 ml indium-113m (113mIn) labelled soup after taking cisapride (10 mg four times daily orally) and placebo, each for four days, in randomised, double blind fashion. Gastric emptying was quantified scintigraphically. Hunger and fullness before and after the meal were evaluated using visual analogue scales. Cisapride accelerated gastric emptying of oil and aqueous components by reducing the lag phase mean (SEM) (20.3 (7.0) min v 40.7 (4.1) min (p < 0.05) for oil and 4.1 (2.5) min v 10.0 (3.1) min (p < 0.05) for aqueous). Cisapride had no effect on the post-lag emptying rate of oil. Treatment with cisapride was associated with reduced retention of oil in the proximal stomach (p < 0.05). Subjects were more hungry before ingestion of the meal while receiving cisapride (6.7 (0.9) v 3.9 (0.7), p < 0.001). The scores for hunger at 120 and 180 minutes were inversely related to gastric emptying of oil on both cisapride (r > -0.62, p < 0.05) and placebo (r > -0.86, p < 0.001). Fullness increased after the meal while receiving placebo (p < 0.01), but not cisapride and postprandial fullness was less with cisapride at (30 min; 0.4 (0.3) v 3.3 (1.0), p < 0.05). With placebo, but not cisapride, the score for fullness at 15 minutes was inversely related to emptying of the aqueous phase (r = 0.68, p < 0.05). These results show that in normal volunteers after ingestion of an oil/aqueous meal: (a) postprandial hunger is inversely related to gastric emptying of oil, while fullness is inversely related to gastric emptying of the aqueous phase, (b) cisapride affects the intragastric distribution and accelerates gastric emptying of both oil and aqueous meal components, and (c) cisapride increases preprandial hunger and reduces postprandial fullness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Scintigraphic measurement of gastric emptying and ultrasonographic assessment of antral area: relation to appetite.

BACKGROUND: Ultrasound measurement of gastric emptying has potential advantages over scintigraphy, but there is little information about its accuracy. AIMS: The relation between ultrasonographic measurements of antral area and (a) scintigraphic measurements of gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of liquids (b) postprandial satiation, were evaluated. SUBJECTS: Seven normal volunteers were studied. METHOD: Each subject drank 75 g dextrose dissolved in 350 ml of water (300 kcal) or beef soup (20 kcal), both labelled with technetium-99m sulphur colloid on separate days and had measurement of gastric emptying by scintigraphy and ultrasound. RESULTS: Scintigraphic and ultrasound 50% emptying times (T50s) were comparable and longer (p < 0.001) for dextrose than soup mean (SEM) (dextrose 107 (16) min v 108 (18) min, soup 24 (4) min v 23 (5) min). There were close correlations between scintigraphic and ultrasound T50s (dextrose r = 0.94, p < 0.005, soup r = 0.97, p < 0.001) and between the time at which the distal stomach content decreased from its maximum value by 50% (measured scintigraphically) and the ultrasound T50 (dextrose r = 0.95, p < 0.005, soup r = 0.99, p < 0.0001). In contrast, there was no significant relation between the distal stomach content when expressed as a percentage of the maximum content in the total stomach and the ultrasound T50. After dextrose, fullness was related (r = 0.92, p < 0.01) to the postprandial increase in antral area measured by ultrasound. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound measurements of gastric emptying are: (a) of comparable sensitivity to scintigraphy in quantifying emptying of both low and high nutrient liquids (b) correlate with postprandial satiation, suggesting that the latter may be mediated by antral distension.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of increasing solid component size of a mixed solid/liquid meal on solid and liquid gastric emptying.

This study evaluated the hypothesis that an increase in the volume of the solid component of a mixed solid/nutrient liquid meal will result in more rapid emptying of the solid but slower liquid emptying. Eight normal volunteers were studied on two occasions after ingesting a meal containing 150 ml of 10% dextrose with either 100 g(small) or 400 g (large) of ground beef. Subjects ingested the solid component before the liquid. For the solid component, the lag phase was longer for the larger meal (56 vs. 31 min, P < 0.001). However, the absolute emptying rate for the proximal stomach and the postlag emptying rate of solid from the total stomach, when expressed as kilocalories per minute, were greater with the larger meal (P < 0.002). The lag phase was prolonged (P < 0.03) and the rate of emptying of liquid from the total and proximal stomach was slower (P < 0.001) in the large compared with the small meal. The total amount of energy delivered to the duodenum (from solid and liquid components) after the solid lag phase was greater for the larger meal (4.8 vs. 2.5 kcal/min, P < 0.002). These results indicate that an increase in the volume of the solid component of a mixed solid/liquid meal 1) prolongs the lag phase but accelerates the postlag emptying rate of solid and 2) retards intragastric distribution and emptying of liquid.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Gallium-67 complexes as radioactive markers to assess gastric and colonic transit.

UNLABELLED: Constipation and gastroparesis are gastrointestinal tract disorders that can be assessed by using radioactive markers in conjunction with scintigraphic techniques. Indium-111-DTPA is the radiopharmaceutical of choice for treating colonic transit in constipated patients, but it is an expensive product and its availability has been unreliable. Indium-113m-DTPA was the tracer used in our study to determine the liquid gastric emptying rate in dual-isotope solid/liquid emptying studies, however, cessation of the 113Sn/113mIn generator production makes it unavailable. Thus, development of alternative tracers to 111In-DTPA and 113mIn-DTPA was essential. METHODS: Gallium-67-citrate and 67-Ga-EDTA were compared to 111In-DTPA to assess their efficacy for exclusive retention in the Gl tract. These markers were orally administered into rats and their three-day cumulative fecal excretion, urine excretion and carcass retention were measured. An in vitro gastric emptying model was used to determine liquid phase partitioning of 113mIn-DTPA, 67Ga-citrate and 67Ga-EDTA at 37 degrees. RESULTS: Gallium-67-citrate was predominantly excreted in the feces (97.2% +/- 0.2%) after three days, with negligible urine excretion (0.1% +/- 0.0%) and carcass retention (0.6% +/- 0.2%). These results are analogous to those obtained for 111In-DTPA for fecal excretion (96.7% +/- 2.6%), urine excretion (0.6% +/- 0.0%) and retention in the carcass (0.2% +/- 0.0%). Gallium-67-EDTA showed similar partitioning in the liquid phase of the gastric emptying model compared with 113mIn-DTPA. CONCLUSION: Gallium-67-citrate is an economical and readily available alternative to 111In-DTPA as a colonic transit radiopharmaceutical. Gallium-67-EDTA is also an alternative to 113mIn-DTPA for assessing liquid-phase emptying in a dual-isotope solid/liquid gastric emptying study.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Relationships between gastric emptying, intragastric meal distribution and blood glucose concentrations in diabetes mellitus.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of disordered intragastric meal distribution and the relationships between gastric emptying, intragastric distribution, glycemic control and gastrointestinal symptoms in diabetes mellitus. METHODS: Eighty-six patients with diabetes mellitus had measurements of gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of a radioisotopically labeled solid/liquid meal (100 g beef and 150 ml 10% dextrose), glycemic control (plasma glucose concentrations), upper gastrointestinal symptoms (questionnaire) and autonomic nerve function (cardiovascular reflexes). Results were compared to those obtained in 20 normal volunteers. RESULTS: Solid and liquid gastric emptying were delayed in the diabetic patients and correlated weakly. Intragastric meal distribution was also often abnormal, with increased retention of both solid and liquid in the proximal stomach and increased retention of solid but not liquid in the distal stomach. In all patients with increased retention of solid in the proximal stomach, emptying from the total stomach was delayed. Gastric emptying of liquid was slower in those subjects who had a mean plasma glucose > 15 mmol/liter during the gastric emptying measurement, when compared to the remainder of the group. CONCLUSION: In patients with diabetes mellitus, there is poor relationship between solid and liquid gastric emptying and intragastric meal distribution is frequently abnormal. Interpretation of the results of gastric emptying measurements should consider meal composition and plasma glucose concentrations.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1994

Effect of exercise on 99mTc-DTPA clearance from knees with effusions.

OBJECTIVE: To devise and use a method for assessing the effect of dynamic exercise on synovial blood flow in knees with effusions. METHODS: The clearance rate of intraarticular 99mTc-DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) was continuously monitored by a gamma camera during periods of rest or flexion. The rate of 99mTc-DTPA disappearance during a fixed period of exercise which was interposed between 2 rest periods was estimated by extrapolation between the clearance curves for the 2 rest periods. RESULTS: Cycling and walking increased the clearance rate, straight leg raising had no effect, and flexion decreased the clearance rate. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that some dynamic exercises can increase the rate of synovial blood flow in joints with effusions. This outcome may be beneficial in inflamed joints which are chronically hypoxic due to elevated intraarticular pressure and consequent chronic synovial ischemia.

Arthritis↗
PubMed1993

A 5-year longitudinal study of forearm bone mass in 307 postmenopausal women.

We measured forearm bone mineral content at the beginning and end of a 5 year period in 307 untreated postmenopausal volunteers. We also measured height, weight, and a number of biochemical variables in plasma and urine after an overnight fast. The initial mean age of the subjects was 59.0 years (range 39-72), and the mean years since menopause was 10.0 (range 1-37). The mean forearm BMC fell from 1034 +/- 9.6 (SEM) to 982 +/- 9.3 mg/cm (P < 0.001). The coefficient of correlation between the first and second measurements was 0.96. The mean rate of change was -1.0% per annum (with a 99% range of -4 to 1% per annum), which agreed well with previous estimates from cross-sectional data. There was a significant negative correlation between rate of change in bone mass and initial value (r = -0.23; P < 0.001), which was eliminated by expressing change as a percentage of initial bone mass. Of the other variables measured, the one that was most significantly related to the percentage change in bone mass was the urinary hydroxyproline/creatinine ratio (r = -0.35; P < 0.001), which we regard as a marker only. By stepwise regression, the only significant determinants of the rate of change in bone mass were body weight (positive, P < 0.001), years since menopause (positive, P < 0.005), urine calcium (negative, P < 0.01), and serum estrone (positive, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Gastrointestinal function in chronic radiation enteritis--effects of loperamide-N-oxide.

The effects of loperamide-N-oxide, a new peripheral opiate agonist precursor, on gastrointestinal function were evaluated in 18 patients with diarrhoea caused by chronic radiation enteritis. Each patient was given, in double-blind randomised order, loperamide-N-oxide (3 mg orally twice daily) and placebo for 14 days, separated by a washout period of 14 days. Gastrointestinal symptoms; absorption of bile acid, vitamin B12, lactose, and fat; gastric emptying; small intestinal and whole gut transit; and intestinal permeability were measured during placebo and loperamide-N-oxide phases. Data were compared with those obtained in 18 normal subjects. In the patients, in addition to an increased frequency of bowel actions (p < 0.001), there was reduced bile acid absorption, (p < 0.001) a higher prevalence of lactose malabsorption (p < 0.05) associated with a reduced dietary intake of dairy products (p < 0.02), and faster small intestinal (p < 0.001) and whole gut transit (p < 0.05) when compared with the normal subjects. There was no significant difference in gastric emptying between the two groups. Treatment with loperamide-N-oxide was associated with a reduced frequency of bowel actions (p < 0.001), slower small intestinal (p < 0.001), and total gut transit (p < 0.01), more rapid gastric emptying (p < 0.01), improved absorption of bile acid (p < 0.01), and increased permeability to 51Cr EDTA (p < 0.01). These observations indicate that: (1) diarrhoea caused by chronic radiation enteritis is associated with more rapid intestinal transit and a high prevalence of bile acid and lactose malabsorption, and (2) loperamide-N-oxide slows small intestinal transit, increases bile acid absorption, and is effective in the treatment of diarrhoea associated with chronic radiation enteritis.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of the effect of lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide on electrolyte balance in essential hypertension.

The effects of lisinopril 10-20 mg or hydrochlorothiazide 25-50 mg (each given once daily) on blood pressure, serum sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations, total body potassium and urinary cation excretion were compared in a group of hypertensive patients using a double blind randomised crossover design. Each active treatment phase lasted six weeks and a total of sixteen patients completed the study. Both lisinopril and hydrochlorothiazide produced clinically significant decreases in blood pressure. However, lisinopril treatment produced a mean reduction of 14 mmHg in sitting diastolic pressure compared with a 7 mmHg reduction for hydrochlorothiazide treatment. This difference was statistically significant. The decrease in the concentration of serum potassium during hydrochlorothiazide treatment was greater than that during lisinopril treatment (0.53 vs 0.01 mmol.1). The absolute value of serum potassium was significantly lower on hydrochlorothiazide than on lisinopril therapy. Neither treatment had an effect on serum magnesium concentrations, nor was there any significant effect of either treatment on urine volume or urinary excretion of sodium, potassium or magnesium. There was a trend towards increased total body potassium concentration on lisinopril compared with a decrease in total body potassium on hydrochlorothiazide. However, this difference was just outside the range of statistical significance. Both treatments were equally well tolerated. The results indicate slight superiority of lisinopril over hydrochlorothiazide with regard to control of diastolic blood pressure with a better effect on overall electrolyte balance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

A comparison of four methods of estimating the body composition of male endurance athletes.

Comparisons were effected of the following four methods of estimating the percent body fat (%BF) of 12 highly trained male endurance athletes (mean +/- SD = 2.20 +/- 4.9 years, 176.8 +/- 5.9 cm 64.2 +/- 6.4 kg): underwater weighing (UWW), total body water (TBW), total body potassium (TBK) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). The DEXA mean of 6.8% BF was significantly less (P < 0.05) than those estimated via UWW: 9.7% BF; TBW: 10.6% BF (fat-free mass of FFM = 72.0% H2O); and TBK: 9.7% BF (FFM = 66.6 mmol K.kg-1). Nevertheless, the DEXA % BF correlated 0.746 and 0.737 (both P < 0.01) with those from UWW and TBW, respectively; these were the only correlation coefficients to attain statistical significance (P < or = 0.05). Despite the similar means for UWW, TBW and TBK, 12 of the 36 individual differences between these three methods ranged from 3.2 to 10.4% BF. A critical assumption of UWW, which is regarded by many as the criterion method for the estimation of % BF, is that the FFM has a density of 1.100 g.cm-3. Use of in vivo-measured TBW and bone mineral (via DEXA) for the computation of FFM densities for our subjects, while assuming that the two other components of the FFM (protein and non-bone mineral) remained constant, resulted in scores ranging from 1.09541 to 1.10246 g.cm-3 (mean +/- SD = 1.09881 +/- 0.00254 g.cm-3). FFM and % BF differences between use of a constant FFM density of 1.100 g.cm-3 and the individual values ranged from -1.02 to 0.57 kg (mean +/- SD = -0.28 +/- 0.60 kg) and from -0.9 to 1.7% BF (mean +/- SD = 0.5 +/- 0.9% BF), respectively. It may be concluded that with young male athletes: (1) use of constants based on normal male cadavers yielded similar group means for % BF determined by UWW, TBW and TBK but the DEXA % BF correlated significantly with those from UWW and TBW; and (2) in vivo measurements of individual differences in TBW and bone mineral support the use of conventional UWW for the estimation of % BF.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1991

Relationships between oesophageal transit and solid and liquid gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus.

In 87 randomly selected diabetic patients (67 type 1, 20 type 2) and 25 control subjects, gastric emptying of digestible solid and liquid meals and oesophageal transit of a solid bolus were measured with scintigraphic techniques. Gastrointestinal symptoms, autonomic nerve function and glycaemic control were evaluated in the diabetic patients. Gastric emptying and oesophageal transit were slower (P less than 0.001) in the diabetic patients compared with the control subjects, and each was delayed in about 40% of them. There was a relatively weak (r = 0.32; P less than 0.01) relationship between solid and liquid gastric emptying, and no significant correlation (r = 0.11, NS) between oesophageal transit and gastric emptying of the solid meal. Scores for upper gastrointestinal symptoms and autonomic nerve function correlated weakly (r = 0.21; P less than 0.05) with both oesophageal transit and gastric emptying. Gastric emptying of the liquid meal was slower (P less than 0.05) in patients with blood glucose concentrations greater than 15 mmol/l. These results indicate that gastric emptying in patients with diabetes mellitus should be assessed by liquid as well as by solid test meals and that oesophageal transit should not be used as a predictor of generalised diabetic gastroenteropathy.

Diabetes Mellitus↗
PubMed1991

Cross sectional and longitudinal study of bone mineral content of the distal forearm in adult premenopausal women.

The range of fat corrected distal forearm mineral content (FMC) (at a site which comprises approximately 75% cortical and 25% trabecular bone) and the effect of aging on FMC were determined in normal premenopausal women. In 106 women (mean age 39; range 18-56) the mean FMC was 1.184 (SD 148) g/cm; fat correction increased this to 1.239 (SD 148) g/cm. There were significant correlations between fat corrected FMC and height, weight and BMI (r greater than 0.16; P less than 0.05). In 43 of these women (mean age 35; range 18-51) repeat measurements of FMC were performed. The last measurement was separated from the first by a mean time interval of 27 +/- 3 months. There was no significant change in uncorrected FMC (baseline 1.185 +/- 0.21 g/cm compared with their final measurement 1.182 +/- .020 g/cm; P = 0.51). Fat-corrected FMC (baseline 1.229 +/- .021 g/cm compared with 1.223 +/- .020 g/cm later) tended to decrease although this change was not significant (P = 0.06). Age ranked cusum analysis demonstrated a non-significant fat-corrected rate of change in FMC of -.3% yr in those over 35 years of age (P less than 0.10). This data suggests that if there is any distal forearm bone loss before the menopause it is negligible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Role of the proximal and distal stomach in mixed solid and liquid meal emptying.

The role of the proximal and distal stomach in the emptying of solids and liquids from the stomach remains unclear. We have used a dual isotope technique to quantify proximal and distal stomach emptying of a solid (100 g of 99mTc labelled liver/ground beef) liquid (either 200 ml of normal saline (eight subjects) or 25% dextrose (seven subjects) labelled with 113mIn-diethylenetriaminepenta-acetic acid) mixed meal. A manometric catheter simultaneously measured antral, pyloric, and duodenal motor activity. The liquid component dispersed rapidly throughout the stomach and emptied after a minimal lag period. The emptying of the 25% dextrose was delayed compared with the saline. This delay was associated with increased retention of the liquid in the distal stomach, a significant increase in localised phasic pyloric contractions, and a suppression of antral contractions. The solid component initially resided wholly within a proximal stomach reservoir area. Solids then redistributed from proximal to distal stomach during the emptying of liquid from the stomach. Dextrose delayed gastric emptying of solids compared with saline by increasing the solid lag period and retention in the proximal stomach. There was no significant difference between saline and dextrose meals in the distal stomach retention of solid or in the linear rate of emptying after the lag period. We conclude that, contrary to general opinion, the proximal stomach plays an important role in the control of gastric emptying of solids while the distal stomach is important in the emptying of nutrient liquids.

Adolescent↗