Biomedical subjects

B Emmanuel

Publications and source records attributed to B Emmanuel.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources

PubMed1978

The relative contribution of propionate, and long-chain even-numbered fatty acids to the production of long-chain odd-numbered fatty acids in rumen bacteria.

1. The relative contribution of propionate, and long-chain even-numbered fatty acids to the production of long-chain odd-numbered fatty acids in six pure cultures of rumen bacteria were studied, using single and double isotope procedures. 2. Both propionate and even-numbered fatty acids were converted to odd-numbered fatty acids, presumably by elongation of 2-C atoms and alpha-oxidation reactions, but even-numbered fatty acids were much more effective. 3. The occurrence of alpha-oxidation was further confirmed by relatively large quantities of 14CO2 produced when [1-14C]palmitate was used in the incubation medium. 4. The incorporation of propionate into odd-numbered fatty acids was markedly reduced in the presence of palmitate, or stearate. 5. The significance of the operation of alpha-oxidation is discussed in relation to the energy conservation in rumen bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Studies on enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, and nitrogen end products in the developing chick (Gallus domesticus) embryo.

1. A total of 450 fertilized eggs were used to study the concentrations of uric acid, urea and ammonia in allantoic and amniotic fluids, and some enzymes of nitrogen metabolism in the liver and kidney during the development of the chick embryo from the 5th to 21st day of incubation. 2. Concentrations of the compounds studied were higher in allantoic fluid. The molar concentration of allantoic uric acid increased steadily with time. The pattern of urea and ammonia in both allantoic and amniotic fluids were the same. 3. Arginase (E.C.3.5.3.1) activity in both embryonic kidney and definitive kidney was higher than that in the liver. The specific activity of arginase (mumole urea formed/hr per g wet wt kidney) dropped during development. 4. Little arginine synthetase activity (argininosuccinate synthetase, E.C.6.3.4.5; and argininosuccinate lyase, E.C.4.3.2.1) was found in kidney, but none in the liver. 5. The complete urea cycle function was absent in both the liver and the kidney of the chick embryo.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Endogenous uric acid and urea metabolism in the chicken.

1. Four chickens were used in nine successive experiments using a single injection radioisotope dilution technique to study the kinetics of endogenous uric acid and urea metabolism. 2. Starvation lowered uric acid and urea entry rates, but elevated the extent of degradation of these compounds. 3. Urea turnover time and the extent of urea pool degradation were higher, and urea excretion rate was lower than that of uric acid. 4. In colostomised chickens, the extent of uric acid and urea degradation were lower than in non-colostomised birds. 5. The average uric acid and urea entry rates in chickens fed on a diet containing 200 g protein/kg were 7.32 and 2.6 mumol/h g liver, respectively. 6. It is concluded that the contribution of uric acid and urea to the nitrogen economy of the birds is negligible.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Acute urea toxicity in sheep.

Twenty-seven sheep were assigned to three groups in order to study acute urea toxicity. Groups I, II and III were dosed with 0.5, 0.6 annd 0.75 g/kg of urea, respectively. The mean survival times were 165, 109 and 60 minutes, respectively. The following clinical signs such as pronounced muscle fasciculation, trembling, grinding teeth, ataxia, lateral recumbency, bloating, regurgitation, hyperesthesia, mydriasis and convulsions were observed. Anuria and lack of salivation were also present. The primary cause of death in this study was due to respiratory arrest and not cardiovascular collapse. Plasma examinations showed a marked increase in glucose, ammonia and urea levels but no change in ketone body concentration.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1976

Effects of 1,3-butanediol and 1,2-propanediol on growth, blood metabolites, and liver glycogen broiler chickens.

Control diets, and diets containing 4% 1,3-butanediol (BD), 8% BD, 4% 1,2-propanediol (PD) and 8% PD were offered ad libitum to broilers from 1 to 28 days of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded, and plasma metabolites and liver glycogen were measured. When compared to the control diet, the synthetic compounds depressed (p less than 0.01) growth at the 4% level, but the effect was more pronounced (p less than 0.01) at the 8% level. The test compounds had no effect (p less than 0.05) on the efficiency of feed utilization. Four percent BD elevated (p less than 0.01) plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations, and the ratio of beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. The influence was more pronounced at the 8% level; PD did not affect (p greater than or equal to 0.05) ketone body concentrations. Neither BD, nor PD caused changes (p greater than or equal to) in plasma glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol, or liver glycogen. Results are discussed with reference to feeding these compounds to monogastric and ruminant animals.

Acetoacetates↗

PubMed1975