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Biomedical subjects

B Fishman

Publications and source records attributed to B Fishman.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The cognitive behavioral perspective on pain management in terminal illness.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be an effective non-medical treatment for the alleviation of pain-related suffering in patients with advanced disease. CBT offers a common-sense theoretical model and a variety of rational and pragmatic techniques that are easy for both patients and health professionals to understand and practice. The perspective emphasizes two ideas: that pain and suffering are not the same, and that patients can exercise substantial personal control over their thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Suffering is a feeling of pervasive personal destruction, whereas pain is a sensory stimulus that does not necessarily imply general personal disintegration. CBT teaches patients to practice relaxation and active coping skills to increase pain tolerances, and to modify thoughts and attitudes that increase the perception of personal disintegration. Even in the most advanced stages of a terminal illness patients can practice these skills and experience themselves as active agents that can reduce their suffering and enhance their sense of well-being.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Effectiveness of psychoeducational interventions in reducing emotional distress after human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing.

To examine the effectiveness of three psychoeducational interventions in reducing emotional distress after voluntary serologic testing for human immunodeficiency virus-1,307 physically asymptomatic adults were randomly assigned to standard counseling, counseling plus a three-session interactive video program, or counseling plus six individual sessions of stress prevention training. Subjects were evaluated using five standardized distress measures at entry and 3 months later. Among the 204 human immunodeficiency virus-seronegative subjects, mean distress measures decreased significantly after all three interventions without differential treatment effects. Among the 103 human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive subjects, mean distress measures decreased significantly after the stress prevention training and did not significantly increase in the other two interventions. We conclude that stress prevention training is particularly helpful after notification of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Suicidal ideation and HIV testing.

To examine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus antibody testing on suicidal ideation among physically asymptomatic subjects at perceived risk for infection, 244 men and 57 women completed the Beck Depression Inventory 2 weeks before and 1 week and 2 months after notification. All subjects received extensive pretest and posttest counseling. Among the 49 seropositive subjects, rates of suicidal ideation on item 9 of the Beck Depression Inventory were 28.6% at entry and 27.1% and 16.3% at the two follow-up assessments; none reported increased suicidal ideation at 2 months. Among the 252 seronegative subjects, suicidal ideation decreased from 30.6% at entry to 17.1% and 15.9% at 1 week and 2 months after notification, respectively. Suicidal ideation correlated with modified Beck Depression Inventory scores (r = .50 to .55). Among the 4.7% of seropositives and seronegatives with suicidal wishes or intent at any assessment, average modified Beck Depression Inventory scores (mean, 17.1) suggested a clinical depression.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Psychological responses to serological testing for HIV.

To determine the emotional impact of serological testing for HIV, 218 physically asymptomatic adults were evaluated in a confidential clinical setting 2 weeks before HIV test notification, immediately before and after notification, and 2 and 10 weeks later. All received extensive pre- and post-test counseling. The 179 seronegatives reported one or more HIV risk behaviors: homosexual intercourse (n = 111), heterosexual intercourse with possibly infected partners (n = 62), intravenous drug use (n = 20). Immediately after notification, seronegatives had significant decreases in visual analogue scale (VAS) measures of anxiety, depression, fear of getting AIDS, and fear of having infected others. Reductions were sustained at both follow-up assessments and were complemented by significant reductions on standardized self-reported measures of anxiety (Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory, SAI), depression (Beck Depression Inventory, BDI), and psychiatric symptoms (Brief Symptom Inventory, BSI) as well as by clinical ratings of depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS). Of 39 seropositives, 35 had homosexual risk behaviors, seven had been intravenous drug users (IVDUs; four of whom were homosexual men), and one was a female partner of an IVDU. Immediately after notification, VAS measures of their anxiety were not significantly increased, and at 10 weeks after notification, their VAS measures of distress and mean scores on BDI, SAI and BSI were significantly lower than at entry. Their HDRS ratings were not significantly increased.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Psychiatric diagnosis before serological testing for the human immunodeficiency virus.

To identify the diagnostic characteristics and counseling needs of individuals at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), standardized DSM-III-R diagnoses were given to 207 physically asymptomatic adults when they sought serological testing for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The subjects had high lifetime rates of mood disorders. Even after the 20 subjects with intravenous drug use as a risk factor were eliminated, lifetime rates of nonalcohol substance dependence were also high. These findings suggest that even before they are notified of HIV test results, many individuals at perceived risk for AIDS may be vulnerable to future depression and nonintravenous drug abuse.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1990

Voluntarily informing others of positive HIV test results: patterns of notification by infected gay men.

Forty gay men who had recently learned that they were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were interviewed to determine the frequency with which they voluntarily informed physicians, dentists, friends, family members, and current and past sexual partners of their positive test results. Ninety percent of the subjects informed a personal physician, and 48 percent of the subjects who sought dental care informed the dentist. Sixty-six percent of subjects with at least one current sexual partner notified every current sexual partner, although notification was not associated with a greater likelihood of safer sex practices. Ninety percent of the subjects who had past sexual partners made no attempt to inform them. Sixty-eight percent confided in at least one friend, but only 35 percent told a family member.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1987

The Memorial Pain Assessment Card. A valid instrument for the evaluation of cancer pain.

Effective evaluation and treatment of cancer pain require valid and independent measurement of pain intensity, pain relief, and psychological distress. The Memorial Pain Assessment Card (MPAC) is a simple instrument designed to provide rapid evaluation of these subjective experiences. On the 8.5 by 11 inch card are printed the eight pain intensity descriptors, and three visual analog scales which measure pain intensity, pain relief, and mood. Experienced patients can complete it in less than 20 seconds. The authors administered the MPAC to 50 hospitalized cancer patients within 48 hours of referral to the Pain Service for inadequate pain control, together with standard measures: The McGill Pain Questionnaire, Profile of Mood States, Hamilton Depression Scale, and Zung Anxiety Scale. Correlational and multiple regression analyses revealed that the MPAC can distinguish pain intensity from pain relief and from general psychological distress, and it can provide multidimensional assessment that is practically equivalent to the full assessment battery. We conclude that the MPAC is valid and effective for clinical use, and recommend it for the assessment of individual patients, and as an outcome measure in clinical trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Contralateral and ipsilateral control of fingers following callosotomy.

The extent of ipsilateral control of the distal limbs is not documented. In this experiment visuo-motor control of fingers was investigated in two callosotomy patients. A substantial amount of ipsilateral control was evident, especially for the left hand fingers. Ipsilateral control of the right hand was evident for the thumb and index fingers, but not for the other fingers. Left hand fingers did not vary significantly in degree of ipsilateral control.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pre-exposure effects of morphine, diazepam and delta 9-THC on the formation of conditioned taste aversions.

Prior to taste aversion conditioning with morphine, diazepam or delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta 9-THC), rats received pre-exposures to the vehicle or one of the three drugs. Morphine pre-exposures blocked the aversion normally induced by morphine, but not by delta 9-THC or diazepam. Diazepam pre-exposures attenuated both the morphine- and diazepam-induced taste aversions to a significantly greater degree than the taste aversion induced by delta 9-THC. As a result of delta 9-THC pre-exposures, the aversions induced by diazepam and delta 9-THC were attenuated as well as the morphine-induced aversion, which was the most greatly attenuated. These results demonstrate that pre-exposure effects are not necessarily bi-directional and, moreover, they are inconsistent with current hypotheses which attempt to account for the attenuating effect of drug pre-exposures on taste-aversion conditioning.

Animals↗
PubMed1969

Daily rhythms in hepatic polysome profiles and tyrosine transaminase activity: role of dietary protein.

Hepatic polysome profiles vary in untreated rats as a function of time of day. The ratio of polysomes to total ribosomes increases from 50 to 73 per cent in darkness. There is also a daily rhythm in tyrosine transaminase activity which resembles but does not coincide with the polysome rhythm. Both rhythms are dependent on the cyclic ingestion of dietary protein, and disappear in rats given a protein-free diet.

Animals↗