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Biomedical subjects

B H Rao

Publications and source records attributed to B H Rao.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

QSAR models to predict effect of ionic strength on sorption of chlorinated benzenes and phenols at sediment-water interface.

It is hypothesised that the experimental sorption coefficient normalised to the organic carbon fraction of sediment (K(oc)exp) for non-ionic, hydrophobic, organic pollutant depends upon the molecular properties as well as background ionic strength of the aquatic system. The utility of this concept has been demonstrated by incorporating ionic strength as a parameter in the three quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) namely octanol-water partitioning coefficient model (Kow model), the linear solvation energy model (LSE model), and molecular connectivity indices theory (MCI model). Four chlorinated benzenes and two chlorinated phenols were employed in the present study. Sorption experiments using sediment from the Patalganga River were conducted in laboratory (bottle point method) at different ionic strengths (viz. 0.01, 0.05, and 0.10 M). The K(oc)cat values predicted using Kow model incorporating ionic strength compare reasonably well with the K(oc)exp values (r2 = 0.60 and standard error of estimator i.e. SEE = 0.35). The LSE model incorporating ionic strength too, was found to be equally good (r2 = 0.67, SEE = 0.33). An attempt has also been made to validate the QSARs developed in the present study utilising the sorption parameters experimentally measured by Dewulf et al. (1996) (Water Res. 30, 3130-3138) for sorption of toluene, ethylbenzenes, and xylenes onto the sediments from Belgian Continental Shelf and North Sea, as well as Mader et al. (1997) (Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1524-1531) for sorption of di-, tri-, tetra chlorobenzenes on pure mineral oxides namely Al2O3 and Fe2O3.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Washing of marine coastal sand in a batch reactor: sorption and desorption of BTEX.

This study addresses the issues related to decontamination of marine beach sand accidentally contaminated by petroleum products. Sorption and desorption of BTEX (i.e., benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) onto the sand from Uran Beach, located near the city of Mumbai, India, were studied, and isotherms were determined using the bottle point method to estimate sorption coefficients. Alternatively, QSARs (i.e., quantitative structure activity relationships) were developed and used to estimate the sorption coefficients. Experiments for kinetics of volatilization as well as for kinetics of sorption and desorption in the presence of volatilization were conducted in a fabricated laboratory batch reactor. A mathematical model describing the fate of volatile hydrophobic organic pollutants like BTEX (via sorption and desorption in presence of volatilization) in a batch sediment-washing reactor was proposed. The experimental kinetic data were compared with the values predicted using the proposed models for sorption and desorption, and the optimum values of overall mass transfer coefficients for sorption (K(s)a(s)) and desorption (K(d)a(d)) were estimated. This was achieved by minimization of errors while using the sorption coefficients (Kp) obtained from either laboratory isotherm studies or the QSARs developed in the present study. Independent experimental data were also collected and used for calibration of the model for volatilization, and the values of the overall mass transfer coefficient for volatilization (K(g)a(g)) were estimated for BTEX. In these exercises of minimization of errors, comparable cumulative errors were obtained from the use of Kp values derived from experimental isotherms and QSARs.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of aprotinin, epsilon aminocaproic acid, or combination in cyanotic heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Aprotinin and epsilon aminocaproic acid are antifibrinolytic agents used to reduce postoperative blood loss after cardiopulmonary bypass. We compared low dose aprotinin with epsilon aminocaproic acid and a combination of the two agents to reduce postoperative blood loss in infants with congenital cyanotic heart disease undergoing corrective surgical procedures. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted randomly on 300 children. Group I (n = 80) acted as the control and did not receive either of the study drugs. Group II (n = 100) received low dose aprotinin, group III (n = 60) received epsilon aminocaproic acid, and group IV (n = 60) received a combination of the two antifibrinolytic agents. RESULTS: The control group had the longest time for sternal closure, maximum blood loss at 24 hours, and greatest requirements for packed red blood cells and platelets. Fibrinogen levels were significantly lower, and levels of fibrin breakdown products were significantly higher compared with the groups given either or both of the antifibrinolytics. CONCLUSIONS: Epsilon aminocaproic acid is as efficacious as low dose aprotinin in reducing postoperative blood loss and packed red blood cell and platelet requirements in children with congenital cyanotic heart disease. The combination of the two was slightly more effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Adenosine for cardioplegic induction: a comparison with St Thomas solution.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if quicker cardiac standstill obtained by adding adenosine to potassium crystalloid cardioplegia translated into better myocardial preservation and cardiac function in the early postoperative period compared with the same cardioplegia without adenosine. DESIGN: A prospective study. SETTING: Cardiac center of a teaching institute. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty consecutive patients with left main vessel or triple-vessel disease undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery under moderate hypothermia. INTERVENTIONS: The study comprised two groups of patients. Group N (n = 15) was the control group, given St Thomas cardioplegic solution after aortic cross-clamping, without adenosine; whereas group A (n = 45) received 250 microg/kg of adenosine into the aortic root after aortic cross-clamping, followed by the same St Thomas cardioplegia as in group N. The two groups were otherwise similar in all aspects of perfusion management. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Time taken to achieve cardiac standstill after aortic cross-clamping was significantly greater, 18.7+/-3.1 seconds, in the control group compared with the adenosine group, 3.4+/-0.9 seconds (p<0.001). The quicker arrest of the adenosine group led to better postoperative function, in the form of higher cardiac index (p<0.01), lower filling pressures (pulmonary artery wedge pressure) (p<0.05), and lower mean pulmonary artery pressure (p<0.05) at 6 hours. In the adenosine group, only 3 of 45 (6.6%) patients had elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) (MB) values greater than 50 U/L over preoperative CPK values compared with 3 of 15 (20%) in the control group (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Injection of 250 microg/kg of adenosine into the aortic root before administration of cold crystalloid St Thomas cardioplegia solution after cross-clamping, in patients with severe coronary artery disease, produces significantly faster cardiac standstill, better myocardial preservation, and better cardiac function in the early postoperative period.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2000

Epsilon aminocaproic acid in paediatric cardiac surgery to reduce postoperative blood loss.

We have studied the efficacy of epsilon aminocaproic acid in reducing postoperative blood loss in infants and children with congenital cyanotic cardiac anomalies undergoing corrective operative procedures. This prospective study was carried out on 170 infants and children randomly divided into two equal groups. Group A acted as the control group and received normal saline as placebo while group B patients received epsilon aminocaproic acid (100 mg/kg body wt) intravenously slowly soon after anaesthetic induction followed by 100 mg/kg in the cardiopulmonary bypass pump at the time of starting of cardiopulmonary bypass and 100 mg/kg after weaning from bypass over a period of 3 h. In group A the time for sternal closure after separation from bypass and administration of protamine was 75.18 +/- 5.5 min and in group B 50.7 +/- 5.2, (P < 0.001). Blood loss at 24 h in group A was 42.6 +/- 6.9 ml/kg/24 h and in group B 23.7 +/- 5.8 ml/kg/24 h, (P < 0.001). The need for packed red cells in group A was 21.8 +/- 7.1 ml/kg/24 h and in group B 10.7 +/- 7.8 ml/kg/24 h, (P < 0.001). The need for platelet concentrate in group A was 22.0 +/- 6.7 ml/kg/24 h and group B 6.2 +/- 3.2 ml/kg/24 h, (P < 0.001). Fibrin degradation products (split) in group A was 8.2 +/- 0.8 micrograms/ml, and group B 3.8 +/- 1.3 micrograms/ml, (P < 0.001). Reexploration rate was also considerably reduced in group B, 5 of 85 (6%) compared to group A, 13 of 85 (15%), (P < 0.001). It was found that epsilon aminocaproic acid is effective in reducing postoperative blood loss, packed red cells and plasma product requirements in paediatric patients undergoing corrective surgical procedures for congenital cyanotic heart diseases.

Aminocaproic Acid↗
PubMed2000

Femoral artery pressures are more reliable than radial artery pressures on initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass.

OBJECTIVE: To compare radial and femoral artery perfusion pressure during initiation and various stages of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: The cardiac center of a tertiary referral teaching institute. PARTICIPANTS: Sixty consecutive patients of all ages undergoing a variety of cardiac operations. INTERVENTIONS: Radial and femoral arterial pressures were measured in all patients on the same transducer, from the beginning to end of CPB. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Mean perfusion pressures on CPB measured at the femoral artery at 1, 5, 10, and 15 minutes of CPB were 38.4+/-3.6, 46.2+/-3.1, 49.7+/-3.9, and 52.8+/-4.1 mmHg and were significantly greater than the corresponding radial artery pressures (29.9+/-4.1, 35.3+/-6.1, 40.9+/-4.8, and 41.8+/-5.3 mmHg) (p < 0.001). At 30 minutes and 60 minutes of CPB, femoral artery pressures are higher (60.3+/-8.8 mmHg and 66.4+/-8.2 mmHg) compared with radial artery pressures (54.7+/-6.9 mmHg and 59.6+/-6.1 mmHg), but the difference is less significant (p < 0.05). On conclusion of CPB, mean femoral artery pressures (70.9+/-6.7 mmHg) are greater than mean radial artery pressures (67.6+/-8.1 mmHg) (NS). CONCLUSIONS: Although radial artery pressures are more commonly monitored during cardiac surgery, femoral artery perfusion pressures are more reliable during the initial part of CPB, and routine monitoring of femoral artery pressures may prevent vasoconstrictor use on initiation of CPB.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Retroperitoneal cold abscess with tuberculosis of sacro-iliac joint and pubic bone: a case report of unusual presentation of osteo-articular tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis involving sacro-iliac joint and pubic bone presenting with massive retroperitoneal abscess is a rare entity. A 29-year-old female presented with history of discharging sinus in the sacrococcygeal region of 2 months duration. Plain x-ray revealed osteolytic lesion in right pubic bone and left sacro-iliac joint. Computed tomography scan revealed massive pus collection in the retroperitoneal region. Pus was drained extraperitoneally. Biopsy of the scraping of the abscess wall showed granulation tissue with foreign body type of giant cell. On follow-up the patient was doing well.

Abdominal Abscess↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of esmolol & diltiazem for heart rate control during coronary revascularisation on beating heart.

This prospective study was done to compare the control of heart rate and haemodynamics during coronary artery revascularisation without cardiopulmonary bypass using either esmolol or diltiazem. Sixty adult patients with one or two vessel coronary artery disease, were randomly divided into 2 equal groups. Group A received a 500 micrograms/kg loading dose of esmolol followed by a 100 micrograms/kg/h infusion, for control of heart rate during surgical anastomosis of the coronary vessel. While Group B received 0.15 mg/kg diltiazem as a loading dose followed by a 5 mg/h infusion for heart rate control, during the anastomosis. It was seen that heart rate control was better in Group A, 51.4 (+/- 1.3) beats/min, than in Group B, 69.6 (+/- 3.9) beats/min but the decrease in heart rate was significant in both the groups at peak effect compared to respective predrug values. Group A patients had unchanged systemic resistance and pulmonary artery wedge pressure but mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance were significantly raised. Group B patients had decreased systemic resistance, mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary artery wedge pressure, and reduced right ventricular stroke work index. We concluded that although esmolol provided dramatically slower heart rates, during surgery, the resulting elevations in mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance would require caution if used in patients with underlying right ventricular dysfunction from ischaemia or infarction. Diltiazem by virtue of its effects on systemic vascular resistance, cardiac output, and lowering of mean arterial pressure may be a better choice in hypertensive patients.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1999

Peripheral giant cell granuloma--a case report.

Peripheral giant cell granuloma is a lesion arising mainly from the connective tissue of gingiva or periosteum of alveolar ridge. A case of peripheral giant cell granuloma involving a deciduous molar and the succedaneous tooth is reported. The lesion was large and interfered with occlusion. Surgical excision of the lesion along with the deciduous first molar was done. The underlying permanent first premolar was also involved, and had to be removed. The importance of an adequate salivary flow and maintenance of oral hygiene in the prevention of such lesions is stressed.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1991

Annular pancreas in adults (2 case reports).

Two cases of annular pancreas in adults are being reported. In the first case, a middle aged lady presented with duodenal obstruction and gastric ulcer. Anterior H. S. V. with posterior truncal vagotomy and isoperistaltic duodeno-jejunostomy relieved her symptoms. In the second case, a young girl presented with duodenal obstruction, severe wasting and gross dehydration. She had an uneventful recovery following a duodeno-jejunostomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Vagal paraganglioma (2 case reports).

Paragangliomas are rare tumours of the head and neck and are a diagnostic challenge. Two cases of paragangliomas arising from the vagus are being reported. In the first case, an angiogram raised the possibility of intravagal tumour and exploration followed by biopsy confirmed the diagnosis. In the second case, it was a diagnostic surprise where exploration was done on a clinical suspicion of parotid swelling and on the table, the swelling was found to arise from the vagus nerve pushing the parotid gland laterally.

Adult↗