Biomedical subjects

B Huszno

Publications and source records attributed to B Huszno.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate scintigraphy, an efficient method for the detection and staging of carcinoid tumours: results of 3 years' experience.

PURPOSE: At all stages of the disease, serious difficulties are encountered in the imaging diagnosis of carcinoids. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) holds great promise for detecting primary tumours and metastases. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate should significantly improve the diagnosis of carcinoids in comparison with 111In-Octreoscan owing to the better affinity for SSR2 and the higher count rate. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic efficiency of 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate scintigraphy in the detection and staging of carcinoid tumours. METHODS: The study population comprised 75 patients (age 48.5+/-15.5 years): 46 with histological confirmation of carcinoid and 29 with suspected disease. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate (740 MBq) SRS and CT were performed in all patients. Fifteen patients were examined with 111In-Octreoscan. RESULTS: High-quality 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate images were obtained in all cases, with maximum tumour tracer accumulation 4 h p.i. The mean target/non-target ratios for whole body (WB) and SPECT scans were, respectively, as follows: primary lesions: 4.5 and 10.2; metastases: liver, 3.1 and 12.3; abdominal focal lesions, 2.7 and 5.8; lung, 2.7 and 8.3; mediastinum, 3.4 and 7.6; bones, 6.8 and 19.0. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate WB scans revealed more metastases than 111In-Octreoscan, with better individual separation. 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate SRS revealed new metastatic lesions in seven patients with confirmed carcinoid, and in four with dissemination the primary focus was found. Five patients qualified for radioguided surgery and 11 were referred to 90Y-DOTA-TATE therapy. The sensitivity of SRS in comparison with CT was higher for primary lesions and liver and abdominal lymph node metastases. In the subgroup of patients with suspected neuroendocrine tumours, two duodenal carcinoids, one thymic carcinoid and one ileal carcinoid were found. CONCLUSION: 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-octreotate, with high imaging quality, is an excellent alternative to 111In-Octreoscan for staging of carcinoids, and it seems to be the method of choice for detection of the primary focus in patients with metastases from an unknown primary tumour.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

The impact of iodine prophylaxis on thyroid 131-iodine uptake in the region of Krakow, Poland.

Iodine prophylaxis was introduced in Poland in 1935. It was interrupted twice, the first time between 1939 and 1947 (due to the Second World War and its aftermath), and then between 1980 and 1986, due to the economical crisis in Poland at that time. A voluntary model of iodine prophylaxis (20 +/- 10 mg/kg of household salt) introduced in Poland in 1986, was followed by a mandatory model, implemented at the beginning of 1997, with 30 +/- 10 mg/kg of household salt. In the early sixties, in our Department of Endocrinology 24-hour iodine uptake test was introduced as a routine procedure for evaluating the thyroid gland. The reference value of this test increased in 1986 after discontinuation of iodine prophylaxis, and decreased in 1998, two years after re-implementation of the mandatory model of iodine prophylaxis. In 167 patients (147 with endemic goiter and 20 with no thyroid disturbances) examined between 1998 and 2000 the mean value of 24-hour iodine uptake was 27.3 +/- 10.4%, as compared to the mean value of 45,7 +/- 6.6 % in 1986. In patients with thyrotoxicosis the mean value of iodine uptake was 41.9% +/- 16.2 in 1999 (no.=614), 42.4% +/- 16.9 in 2000 (no.=644) and 37,7% +/- 17.2 at the beginning of 2001 (no.=328). The mean value of iodine uptake in patients with thyrotoxicosis before implementation of iodine prophylaxis was over 60%. The 24-hour thyroid radioiodine uptake test proved to be a useful indicator of changes of iodine intake in a iodine-deficient population. The data presented in this study confirm the importance and efficacy of the iodine prophylaxis introduced in Poland.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Prevalence of goiter in schoolchildren--a study on the influence of adequate iodine prophylaxis in Poland.

Poland has been known as an area with iodine deficiency. Surveys carried out in 1992/1993 and 1994 revealed that the voluntary model of iodine prophylaxis introduced in 1986 was ineffective. In 1997 a new model of iodine prophylaxis based on obligatory household salt iodization has been implemented. In order to assess its effectiveness new studies were undertaken in 1999-2001. The study involved 1471 school-children aged 6-15 years from 12 sites. In every subject thyroid volume by means of ultrasound and urinary iodine concentration were assessed. The results were compared with data obtained from the same schools in the 1992/1993 survey. Between 1992/93 and 1999/2001 goiter prevalence decreased from 14.5% to 5.2% (p<0.05) and median urinary iodine concentration increased from 56 microg/l to 103 microg/l (p<0.05). A decrease in goiter prevalence was observed in 6 sites with moderate goiter endemia, whereas the changes in goiter prevalence were statistically insignificant in other 6 sites. Three sites were characterized by goiter prevalence close to 5% before and after implementing the obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis. Goiter prevalence in the remaining three sites remained within the same limit of 7-10%, in spite of observed ioduria increase. The Authors conclude that the Polish model of obligatory iodine prophylaxis ensures efficient iodine supplementation and this is confirmed by a significant increment in ioduria. The effect of this model on thyroid volume is evident in moderate goiter endemia areas. Slight changes in goiter prevalence in mild goiter endemia regions need further monitoring and considering other factors affecting thyroid volume.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Iodine-induced hyperthyroidism--an epidemiological survey several years after institution of iodine prophylaxis in Poland.

In 1997, the obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis was introduced in Poland in order to correct the existing status of mild and/or moderate iodine deficiency. In order to monitor possible side-effects of increased iodine supply, studies on iodine-induced hyperthyroidism were initiated by establishing several regional registers of hyperthyroidism. In the present paper, the results of a two-year monitoring (2000-2001) have been summarized. There are no epidemiological data on hyperthyroidism prior to starting the iodine prophylaxis, but the obtained current data are comparable to observations in other countries, made after iodine supplementation. The incidence of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism did not exceed the acceptable level, thus confirming--together with previous observations on the effectiveness of iodine prophylaxis--the adequacy of applied dose of KI (30 microg/kg NaCl), used for salt iodization in Poland.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Incidence of thyroid cancer in the selected areas of iodine deficiency in Poland.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence rate (IR), trend and histotype of the differentiated thyroid cancer in the selected areas with varying iodine deficiency. The study was carried out in three areas: Krakow, (Carpathian endemic goiter area with 1.99 million mixed rural and urban population), Gliwice (Upper Silesia--moderate iodine deficiency area mostly industrial with 4.89 million inhabitants) and Olsztyn (slight iodine deficiency area, mainly rural with 0.77 million inhabitants). Between 1990 and 2001, in the study area 2691 newly diagnosed cases of malignant neoplasms of the thyroid gland were registered. In over 80% of patients it was differentiated thyroid cancer: mainly in women over 40 years, with F/M ratio 5.8. The highest percentage of papillary cancer 72.9% was observed in Olsztyn and lowest--50.0%--in Krakow and Nowy Sacz districts. In this period of time incidence rate of differentiated thyroid cancer in women increased in Kraków, Gliwice, and Olsztyn from 1.51 to 9.34 in 1998 1.27 to 5.74 in 1999 and from 2.52 to 11.35 in 2001 respectively. In the youngest (0-20 years) age group no significant increase of IR was observed. Between 1998 and 2001 the dynamics of increase of the thyroid cancer incidence markedly diminished. In conclusion it was hypothesised that an increase in IR of differentiated thyroid cancer in the study area was caused mainly by the suspension of iodine prophylaxis in 1980 and was diminished by the introduction of an obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis in 1996/1997. It was modified in terms of histotype and dynamics of increase by exposure to ionizing radiation. A very specific group at risk on the population level were women aged 20-40 years in the reproductive age exposed to iodine deficiency after suspension of iodine prophylaxis in 1980 and to radiation after the Chernobyl accident in 1986.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Influence of iodine deficiency and iodine prophylaxis on thyroid cancer histotypes and incidence in endemic goiter area.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between thyroid cancer histotype and incidence rate (IR) and iodine nutrition level in two endemic goiter areas: the districts of Krakow and Nowy Sacz. The suspension of iodine prophylaxis in Poland in 1980 resulted in increased goiter prevalence in schoolchildren and adults and elevated TSH levels in newborns in the early 1990s. Since 1992 a rise in thyroid cancer IR was observed. Thyroid cancer IR in the Krakow population was 2.22 in 1986; 3.62 in 1995 and 6.02 in 2001; in Nowy Sacz: 1.52; 2.59 and 3.88 respectively. In 1986 papillary/follicular cancer ratio in both areas was about 1.0--the value typical of iodine deficient areas. After restoring the obligatory iodine prophylaxis in 1997, a significant decrease in elevated TSH concentration in newborns and urinary iodine concentration increase in schoolchildren were observed. A relative rise in the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer and decrease in follicular cancer, resulting in rise in papillary/follicular thyroid cancer ratio up to 5.9 in 2001 was also observed. Since 1999 no further thyroid cancer IR increase was noted. In conclusion, a significant increase in differentiated thyroid cancer IR was observed in association with the iodine prophylaxis suspension. Changes in thyroid cancer histotypes in 1986-2001 and a significant decrease in incremental rate of differentiated thyroid cancer probably reflect the influence of effective iodine prophylaxis. The significant difference between IR of thyroid cancer incidence in the districts of Krakow and Nowy Sacz may be related to differences in the exposure to radiation after the Chernobyl accident.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

A programme of iodine supplementation using only iodised household salt is efficient--the case of Poland.

BACKGROUND: Iodine prophylaxis in Poland started in 1935 and has been interrupted twice: by World War II and in 1980 for economic reasons. Epidemiological surveys carried out after the Chernobyl accident in 1989 as well as in 1992/1993 and in 1994 as a 'ThyroMobil' study, revealed increased prevalence of goitre in children and adults. Ninety per cent of Poland was classified as an area of moderate iodine deficiency, and 10%, in the seaside area, as mild iodine deficiency territory. Iodine prophylaxis based on iodisation of household salt was introduced again in 1986 as a voluntary model and in 1997 as a mandatory model with 30+/-10 mg KI/kg salt. OBJECTIVE: The evaluation of the obligatory model of iodine prophylaxis in schoolchildren from the same schools in 1994 and 1999. METHODS: Thyroid volume was determined by ultrasonography. Ioduria in casual morning urine samples was measured using Sandell-Kolthoff's method, within the framework of the ThyroMobil study. RESULTS: Goitre prevalence decreased from 38.4 to 7% and urinary iodine concentration increased from 60.4 to 96.2 microg/l mean values between 1994 and 1999. In four schools the prevalence of goitre diminished below 5%. In 1999, 70% of children excreted over 60 microg I/l, and 36% over 100 microg I/l, whereas in 1994 the values were 44 and 13% respectively. CONCLUSION: The present findings indicate that iodine prophylaxis based only on iodised household salt is highly effective.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[An oligosymptomatic case of pheochromocytoma].

A case of 34-year old female with incidentally diagnosed adrenal tumour is discussed. The patient complained only of mild headaches and heart palpitations and was not previously treated for hypertension. A diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was made. The diagnostic controversies arose because of subclinical course of the disease, slightly elevated biochemical markers of pheochromocytoma (catecholemines urinary excretion) and non-characteristic result of glucagon stimulation test results. The diagnosis was confirmed by histologic examination of tumour tissue. Presented case indicates the need for thorough clinical and hormonal evaluation of patients with incidentaloma (particularly, when adrenal tumour diameter is larger than 3 cm) to avoid serious complication of surgery treatment in case of misdiagnosis.

Adrenal Gland Neoplasms↗

PubMed2001

[Pituitary function after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary adenoma].

Nowadays transsphenoidal surgery is the method of choice in most cases of pituitary adenoma treatment, both functioning and non-functioning. This method is considered to be safer than transcranial approach, as lower incidence of complications, particularly hypopituitarism, is observed. The aim of the study was to evaluate the pituitary function after transsphenoidal surgery. 20 patients (mean age 49.3 +/- 13.9 years) were included into the study. The anterior pituitary insufficiency was defined as an inadequate excretory response to metopirone, LH-RH and TRH stimulation. Diabetes insipidus was diagnosed based on clinical symptoms. Hypopituitarism was diagnosed after surgery in 7 patients, 3 cases had adrenal and gonadal insufficiency, 1 patient had insufficiency of the pituitary-thyroid and gonadal axis and 3 subjects panhypopituitarism. Diabetes insipidus was still present in 2 patients, 3 months after surgery. We conclude that transsphenoidal approach in pituitary adenoma surgery is connected with low risk of iatrogenic hypopituitarism.

Adenoma↗

PubMed2001

[Epidemiology of thyroid cancer in Poland].

The aim of the paper is to analyse the epidemiological situation of thyroid cancer in Cracow region from 1986 to 1999 and to review regional thyroid cancer registers in Poland (including 43.7% of the Polish population) in 1999. The standardized register was based upon assumptions: 100% of histopathological verification according to ICD-10, the register ascertainment in at least 80%, the demographic area not smaller than 100,000 inhabitants, the incidence rate (IR) calculated as the newly diagnosed cases number per 100,000 inhabitants in a calendar year. Since 1990 a statistically significant rise of the thyroid cancer incidence affecting mainly women > 40 years of age have been observed. From 1998-1999 the cancer morbidity was reduced. Within the last 5 years in the Cracow area the follicular carcinoma incidence has decreased significantly, which has been associated with effective iodine prophylaxis. The highest incidence values have been observed in Cracow and Olsztyn, showing a territorial relationship with the highest thyroid irradiation doses after Chernobyl accident. The mean IR value has been 3.86 (1.48 men, 6.08 women), which corresponds to about 1500 newly diagnosed cases in Poland in 1999. The follicular to papillary carcinoma ratio has been 5.32. The major etiological factors have been iodine deficiency and ionising radiation. The present data have indicated that iodine prophylaxis should be continued and that the population should be protected against ionising radiation.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗

PubMed2001

[Iodine deficiency and thyroid neoplasms in the Krakow region].

The aim of the study was to evaluate the correlation between incidence rate (IR) of thyroid cancer and severity of iodine deficiency. The influence of iodine prophylaxis on IR was also investigated. The suspension of iodine prophylaxis in 1980 resulted in goitre prevalence increase in schoolchildren (up to 60%) and elevated TSH levels in neonates observed in early 1990-ties. In 1990 rise in thyroid cancer IR was observed. IR of papillary and follicular carcinoma in 1995 were 1.6 and 1.5 respectively. Papillary to follicular ratio was about 1.0. Such a high prevalence of follicular cancer was specific for iodine deficient regions. In 1997, after introduction of mandatory model of iodine prophylaxis in Poland, increase in papillary thyroid cancer IR was observed, reaching in 1998 6.23 per 100,000 inhabitants. Papillary to follicular cancer ratio rose to 2.48. In 1999 no further increase in thyroid cancer IR was observed. Increase in papillary cancer incidence between 1990 and 1999 may be related to overlapping of iodine deficiency and other cancer risk factors i.e. radiation after Chernobyl accident.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗

PubMed2001

[Co-occurrence of diabetic gastropathy and cardiovascular vegetative neuropathy in patients with diabetes type 1. ].

UNLABELLED: The occurrence of autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes is associated with increased incidence of cardio-vascular events and increased mortality. The character of such process is not clear yet and the question if the damage to autonomic nerves equally involves particular organs and systems is open. The aim of the study was to assess the concordance of cardio-vascular neuropathy with diabetic gastropathy in type 1 diabetic patients. The study involved 42 subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (age 36.7 +/- 8.3 years; duration of the disease 14.8 +/- 33 years). Gastric emptying of solid food was assessed scintigraphically. T1/2 max and residual isotope activity (expressed as the percentage of initial value) at 45th minute of the study were estimated. Autonomic cardio-vascular neuropathy was assessed based on the Ewing battery tests results. RESULTS: 11 of all subjects (group A) showed normal or increased gastric emptying of solid foods (T1/2 max 36.6 +/- 9.3 min, residual activity 39.6 +/- 12.1%) and 31 remaining subjects (group B) demonstrated delayed gastric emptying (T1/2 max 89.2 +/- 11.4 min, residual activity 74.6 +/- 5.2%), which was regarded as diabetic gastropathy symptom. 31 (74%) of all subjects were diagnosed with cardio-vascular neuropathy, 18 of them (43%) showed early autonomic neuropathy and remaining 13 (31%) presented decided cardio-vascular neuropathy. In group A2 (18%) subjects were diagnosed with early and 5 subjects (45%) with decided neuropathy. In group B early and decided autonomic neuropathy was present in 16 (51%) and 8 (26%) subjects. No statistically important difference between both groups was found. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study support the thesis of a disseminated nature of the diabetic autonomic neuropathy and of not concomitant involvement of autonomic nervous system in particular organs and systems of the human body.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Autonomic nervous system and gastric myoelectric activities in type 1 and type 2 diabetes].

The aim of the study was to compare autonomic function and gastric myoelectric activity in patients with type 1 and 2 of diabetes. We used the skin electrodes for recording gastric myoelectric activity (EGG) and the heart rate variability (HRV). Patients were divided into two groups. The first group: 19 patients with IDDM. The second-16 patients with NIDDM. We made two comparative control groups, matched with age and gender. We conclude, that decrease in gastric myoelectric activity was observed in both groups of patients, mostly in 1 group (IDDM) of patients. There was increase of heart rate and reduction of spectral analysis parameters in both types of diabetic. In patients with type 1 we noticed the increase of sympathetic activity (LF/HF ratio increased). In patients with type 2 there was the non significant decrease in sympathetic activity (LF/HF ratio decreased). On the basis of our observations we confirmed the correlation among autonomic function tested by HRV and changes of stomach electric activity. Decrease in HRV and gastric myoelectric activity could be indicating damage of parasympathetic system in IDDM.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

[Neurological disturbances in the course of glucagonoma: a case report].

A case of 40-year-old patient with glucagonoma associated with neurological and consciousness disturbances is reported. The diagnosis of the tumour was based on clinical manifestations (diabetes mellitus, anaemia, weight loss, distant metastases), visualisation (USG, CT of the abdomen) and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy of tumour metastatis to the liver. During the progress of disease paraplegia, other neurological symptoms and three episodes of coma were observed. This should be associated with the neurologic paraneoplastic syndrome and hepatic failure due to diffuse metastases to the liver, especially when no metastases to the central nervous system were found in CT. Although patient was treated with chemotherapy, disseminated neoplasmatic process was the cause of the fatal outcome.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The assessment of the condition of the liver in patients chronically exposed to mercury compounds in the place of settlement.

Problems with the assessment of organ damage caused by toxic substances in places of residence have recently appeared with increasing frequency. In spite of this there have been so far no uniform, objective research methods which could allow their accurate evaluation. This is why the attempt has been made to assess morphological and functional condition of the liver in patients chronically exposed to mercury compounds in the place of settlement. The research group consisted of 62 patients exposed to metallic mercury at a yearly rate exceeding 24 kg for average duration of 16 years. Patients with the liver or biliary tract diseases, symptoms of chronic circulatory insufficiency, Australia (HBs+) antigen carriers and alcoholics were excluded from the research group. The control group consisted of 29 males. AST and ALT activity, prothrombin level, bilirubin and protein concentration in blood serum were measured and scintigraphic and USG examinations of the liver were performed. Mercury concentrations were also established. Scintigraphic examination yielded an abnormal image of the liver in 52% of the exposed patients. The differences in frequency and intensity of scintigraphic changes in comparison with the control group were of statistical significance. No pathological changes were found in USG examination. Significantly higher ALT activity and bilirubin concentration and significantly lower total protein concentration were found in the exposed group. The correlation between the intensity of scintigraphic changes and mercury concentration were noted. Liver scintigraphic examination combined with biochemical analysis allows an assessment of the liver condition in chronic exposure to mercury compounds in the place of settlement.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Principles, main goals and methods of the nationwide program: "investigations on iodine deficiency and model of iodine prophylaxis in Poland".

The main reasons to start investigations on IDD in Poland as a nationwide project of the Ministry of Health and Welfare sponsored by the State Committee For Scientific Research and Foundation for Polish Science were: cessation of iodizing of kitchen salt in Poland in 1980, increase of the incidence of goitre in the population and hyperthyrotropinemia in newborns, results of the survey undertaken after Chernobyl disaster indicating an increase of goiter incidence (Nauman et al.) and results of the pilot study (Gutekunst, Gembicki, Kinalska and Rybakowa) indicating an increase of thyroid volume and diminishing of iodine excretion in urine of children in Kraków, Białystok ad Poznań regions. Therefore the main goals of the project were as follows: to evaluate IDD in Poland on the population basis, to map goiter incidence and iodine deficiency in geographic areas, to evaluate a voluntary model of iodine prophylaxis in Poland (20 mg of KI/kg of salt). The investigations were carried out in 19330 children (48.7% of boys and 51.3% for girls) in age group 6-13 years, attending 111 coeducational randomly selected schools from all the country. This number represents 0.35% of children subpopulation in the above age-groups. For practical purposes local coordinating centers at the relevant Departments of Endocrinology and Board of Coordinators were set up. The programme of survey included: filling the questionnaire by children's parents, thyroid palpation and classification according to WHO and ICCIDD criteria, thyroid volume determination by means of ultrasonograph Kontron Sigma 1 L with linear transducer 7.5 MHz, determination of iodine in casual morning urine sample using Sandell and Kalthoff method. Determination of iodine concentration in urine was performed in each case of goiter and in the same number of children without goiter. The results were segregated according to coordinating centers and according to 6 geographical areas of the country. The results were calculated according to the descriptive statistics using Student's test, Chi-square test F-test and Leven's test. The results segregated according to geographic areas were tested by means of analysis of variance using the linear model. The final results of the programme are presented in the next papers.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Goiter incidence and urinary iodine excretion in children of age group 6-13 years living in south-eastern Poland (Kraków coordinating center).

The study included 4103 school children attending randomly selected schools localized in towns and villages of 3 geographically distinct regions: mountainous, (Carpathian endemia), upland, lowland. The children were divided into four age-related groups. The incidence of goiter as detected by palpation was 38.1% in all the children studied, the value being similar in all three regions (38.1, 37.3 and 38.6%, respectively). Goiter incidence differs slightly among urban and rural children, amounting to 40.5 and 34.5%, respectively, in the two groups. In about 60% of children urinary iodine excretion was lower than 50 micrograms/l, while in about 30% it was normal. In about 10% of children studied urinary iodine excretion was lower than 20 micrograms/l. The results obtained indicate the occurrence among children of the studied region of goiter endemy of moderate degree. It was found that the percentage of children excreting more than 50 micrograms/l of urinary iodine was higher among those consuming iodized salt as compared to those consuming non-iodized salt. The first effects of resumption of common salt fortification with iodide in southern Poland can already be noted. There is, however, a need for optimization and steady control over this prophylactic action.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Ultrasound measurement of thyroid volume in the nation-wide epidemiological survey on iodine deficiency in Poland.

Thyroid size was evaluated by ultrasonography and palpation during a study performed in 1992 and 1993 by PCCIDD. Statistical analysis was carried out in 15774 cases with thyroid volume measured by trained teams of doctors. The results were evaluated in 5 age group: 6-8, 9-10, 11-12, and 13 years. The upper limit of the thyroid volume in each age group was defined as mean for stage 0 (WHO) + 1 SD. Our upper limits of thyroid volume in age groups were: 6.1, 7.2, 8.4 and 9.1 ml, respectively. The highest frequency of goitre (according to ultrasound criteria) were in the Sudeten endemia region (53.1%), the lowest in the Seaside area (14.3%). Significant influence of age, sex, height, weight, place of living, and thyroid hormone containing drugs on thyroid size was proved. The influence of iodine prophylaxis on thyroid volume was not significant.

Adolescent↗