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Biomedical subjects

B J Cardinal

Publications and source records attributed to B J Cardinal.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Evaluation of a university course aimed at promoting exercise behavior.

BACKGROUND: This study assessed a 10-week, university-required lifetime fitness for health (LFH) course on students' leisure-time exercise behavior and advancement through the stages of change for exercise. METHODS EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: a quasi-experimental design was employed. SETTING: public university located in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: a total of 540 students who were enrolled in an LFH course or selected psychology courses volunteered to participate in this study. INTERVENTION: a 30-hour LFH course administered over 10 weeks. The course was delivered both in a lecture and lab format. The control condition consisted of psychology courses. MEASURES: weekly leisure-time exercise behavior and stage of change for exercise behavior were assessed using valid and reliable self-report questionnaires at pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS: Regardless of course, students' showed minimal changes in their exercise levels from pre- to post-intervention. Moreover, students in the LFH course did not improve their stage of change for exercise behavior as much students in the psychology courses. Regardless of course, participants' stage of change for exercise was an important moderator variable associated with exercise behavior change. CONCLUSIONS: As was taught, the LFH course did little to change the participants' exercise levels outside of class, and did little to positively influence the participants' stage of change for exercise behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Ginseng does not enhance psychological well-being in healthy, young adults: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: Ginseng is a popular, commercially available dietary supplement that is purported to have a number of psychological benefits. The purpose of this study was to examine these claims, with specific reference to ginseng's effects on affect and mood. DESIGN: Prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Eighty-three adults (40 women, 43 men) participated in this study (mean age = 25.7 year). Participants were recruited from within a university community and at area health clubs. INTERVENTION: Participants were randomly assigned to one of three experimental conditions: placebo (lactose), 200 mg ginseng, or 400 mg ginseng. The ginseng preparation used in this study consisted of the Panax ginseng C A Meyer concentrate G115 in capsular format. Each participant was given a 60-day allotment of their respective supplement along with written instructions about the proper intake and storage of the capsules during the 8-week study period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Positive affect, negative affect, and total mood disturbance. Measures were obtained pre- and post-intervention. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance was used. Because there were three dependent variables, and in an effort to minimize the experimentwise-error rate, alpha was adjusted using the Bonferroni technique (i.e., P < .05/3 = P < .016). RESULTS: Ginseng supplementation had no effect on positive affect, negative affect, or total mood disturbance (all P > .016). CONCLUSION: The present findings do not support claims that chronic ginseng supplementation--at either its clinically recommended level or at twice that level--enhances affect or mood in healthy young adults.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Preliminary development of a scale to measure attitudes regarding the importance of role modeling in physical activity and fitness behaviors among Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance professionals.

This paper presents a new 16-item scale designed to measure attitudes regarding the importance of role modeling in physical activity and fitness behaviors among Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance professionals. The measure was reviewed for face validity by a panel of experts and preliminary analyses gave as Cronbach alpha of .95 and split-half reliability of .97 for 22 graduate students.

Attitude↗
PubMed1997

The role of clinical dietitians as perceived by dietitians and physicians.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine dietitians' and physicians' perceptions regarding the role of clinical dietitians. SUBJECTS AND DESIGN: Four hundred ten physicians and clinical dietitians were randomly identified from the American Board of Medical Specialties Directory of Board Certified Medical Specialists and from Michigan district dietetic association directories. A survey containing demographic, situational, and role and responsibility questions was administered. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Cronbach's alpha coefficient was computed to determine the internal consistency of the measurement instrument. A series of two-tailed t tests was performed to determine between-group differences on the perception questions. Analysis of covariance was completed to control for potential confounds. chi 2 Tests were performed to determine the relationship among a change of diet order question and participants' occupation, area of specialty, and practice setting. RESULTS: Of the surveys mailed, 73% were returned and 58% overall were usable. The internal consistency of the measure was .72. Most dietitians' and physicians' responses to the role and responsibility questions differed significantly, with particularly large differences noted for 6 of 10 questions; however, "total score" differences were not significant. Significant associations were found for the level of specialization and type of occupation on the change of diet order question. APPLICATION/CONCLUSIONS: Routine contact, communication, and interaction between physicians and dietitians are vital if physicians are to know dietitians' responsibilities and competencies and collaborate with them when providing medical nutrition therapy to patients. Future studies that differentiate areas of responsibility of clinical dietitians and inquire into dietitians' and physicians' interactions during their education or training may provide further insights into this topic.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed1996

Evaluation of the revised physical activity readiness questionnaire in older adults.

Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PARQ) clearance has been recommended prior to low-to-moderate exercise involvement. The measure, however, appears to exclude a high proportion of older adults due to false positive responses. To improve this situation, a revised PARQ was developed (rPARQ). The purpose of this study was to compare the number exclusions resulting from the PARQ and rPARQ in 60- to 69-yr-old adults. Participants were recruited from Community Nutrition Centers (97 males, 96 females; mean age = 64.82 yr, SD +/- 2.85). At random, half completed the PARQ or rPARQ on day 1 and the respective opposite instrument on day 2. There was a significant decrease in the number of exclusions resulting from the PARQ as compared to the rPARQ (146 to 128, P < 0.001). Percentage of agreement regarding exclusion/inclusion status between the two measures was 87.6% (kappa = 0.71). Responses for the six matched questions were significantly (P < 0.0001) related with contingency and phi coefficients ranging from 0.40 to 0.58 and 0.43 to 0.71, respectively. These results support the concurrent validity of the rPARQ and suggest the revisions have had their intended effect.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1996

Predicting cardiorespiratory fitness without exercise testing in epidemiologic studies: a concurrent validity study.

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max) is the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness. However, because it has traditionally been regarded as a costly, labor-intense measure to obtain, VO2 max assessment has seen only limited use in epidemiological studies. Recently, methods for predicting VO2 max have been developed that rely on a combination of self-report variables. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of two multivariable equations for estimating VO2 max in a sample of 123 females (M age = 38.8 + 8.4 yrs.). In one equation a seven-item physical activity index was used and in the other equation a single physical activity question was used. The between-formula relationship for predicted VO2 max values was significant (r = 0.80, p < 0.0001). Predicted VO2 max values were also positively related with other indices of physical activity (rs = 0.26 to 0.74). Preliminary results suggest there is a high degree of correlation between the two equations studied, as well as other indices of physical activity. These formulas may be of interest to epidemiologists in situations where direct methods of VO2 max assessment are not feasible.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effects of mail-mediated, stage-matched exercise behavior change strategies on female adults' leisure-time exercise behavior.

This study compared three forms of mail-mediated exercise behavior change strategies on the weekly leisure time exercise behavior of individuals at different stages of exercise (SOE). Subjects were 113 healthy females, 22 to 50 years old (M = 36.9). After being classified by SOE, subjects were randomly assigned to receive one of three treatments: lifestyle exercise packet (LEP); structured exercise packet (SEP); or control packet. Packets were mailed to subjects at their worksite. After 31-days, 108 (95%) subjects responded to a query about their previous week's leisure-time exercise behavior. A 3 (SOE) x3 (Exercise group) x2 (Time) REANOVA revealed main effects for SOE (p < 0.0001), exercise group (p < 0.05), and time (p < 0.0001). No significant interactions were observed. Post-hoc testing showed that those in the action/maintenance stages differed from those in the preparation and precontemplation/contemplation stages (p < 0.01), and that LEP subjects reported significantly more weekly leisure-time exercise post-intervention compared to controls (p < 0.01). These findings suggest the LEP was the most effective strategy for encouraging weekly leisure-time exercise. Future research should be directed at corroborating these findings and determining the potential long-term value of this strategy in comparison to more traditional strategies.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Readability analysis of health, physical education, recreation and dance journal articles.

The readability levels of 10 articles each from the Journal of Health Education, Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, and Strategies: A Journal for Physical and Sport Educators were estimated. On average, the 40 articles were written at the college junior level (M = 14.9, SD = 1.6); however, significant between-journal differences were found, with between-journal effect sizes ranging from 0.36 to 3.64.

Dancing↗
PubMed1995

Readability and comprehensibility of the "exercise lite" brochure.

Studies suggest that exercise literature tends to be very difficult to read and the writing not matched to the reading ability of the audience for which it was intended. Two studies aimed at describing the readability and comprehensibility of the recently developed U.S. Centers for Disease Control and American College of Sports Medicine "Exercise Lite" brochure were conducted. In Study 1, the brochure's readability was assessed using four different formulas. This study showed that the brochure was written at a level equivalent to that of a scientific journal article. In Study 2, 56 participants (two-thirds of whom were college graduates) were tested to assess whether they could comprehend the brochure's message. Results showed that, without supplemental instruction, the Exercise Lite brochure was incomprehensible for 69.6% (n = 39) of the subjects.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Development and evaluation of stage-matched written materials about lifestyle and structured physical activity.

Two sets of written materials about physical activity were developed, one promoting lifestyle exercise and the other promoting structured exercise. Both sets integrated the Transtheoretical Model of behavior-change concepts. Materials were evaluated by 8 women and 6 men (M age = 63.1 yr.) using a stratified (by gender) randomized group design. Participants evaluated the materials on 8 factors of a standardized instrument. Cronbach alpha was .97. No significant differences were found between the two sets of materials on the 8 factors evaluated. Effect size differences ranged from .16 to .84 (M = .46).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The stages of exercise scale and stages of exercise behavior in female adults.

Using the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change as a theoretical framework, a Stage of Exercise Scale (SOES) was developed. The ability of the SOES to differentiate between subjects classified into each of the theoretically posited stages was then studied in a sample of 178 female adults. Results showed that the scale was able to significantly and meaningfully differentiate between subjects classified by stage in terms of exercise energy expenditure (p < 0.0001, omega 2 = 0.18), physical activity energy expenditure (p < 0.0001, omega 2 = 0.15), and VO2peak ml/kg/min (p < 0.0001, omega 2 = 0.19). Stage-specific interventions have been successful when applied to other health behaviors and would appear to have promise for increasing our understanding of the exercise initiation and maintenance process. As such, researchers and practitioners may wish to use the SOES to begin testing the efficacy of stage-specific physical activity interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Lifestyle Exercise Inventory: preliminary development.

Drawing from the Theoretical Pattern of Physical Activity Model of Blair, Kohl, and Gordon, a Lifestyle Exercise Inventory was developed. The internal consistency (.69, n = 178), test-retest reliability (.77), and criterion validity (-.27, .29, .32, and .32) of the measure are reported for 178 women.

Adult↗