A polymorphic dinucleotide repeat at the DXS7 locus.
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Base Sequence↗
Biomedical subjects
B J Moore
Publications and source records attributed to B J Moore.
Mapping of locus for X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) proximal to DXS7.
A recombinant chromosome in a male affected with X-linked congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) provides new information on the location of the CSNB1 locus. A four-generation family with five males affected with X-linked CSNB was analyzed with five polymorphic markers for four X-chromosome loci spanning the region OTC (Xp21.1) to DXS255 (Xp11.22). Four of the males inherited the same X chromosome; one male inherited a chromosome that from OTC to DXS7, inclusive, was derived from the normal X chromosome of his unaffected grandfather and that from a location between DXS7 and DXS426 proximally was derived from the chromosome carrying the CSNB1 locus. This recombinant maps the CSNB1 locus in this family to a region on the short arm of the X chromosome proximal to the DXS7 locus.
Alleles↗
Perioperative education. Transforming preceptor program into perioperative elective.
Perioperative educators must identify the specific learning needs of their staff members and develop and provide programs relevant to those needs. These programs must have administrative support, or they will fail. As perioperative nurses, we must go beyond preceptor programs. Educators in undergraduate programs need to include perioperative courses in their curricula. If a perioperative elective is included in basic nursing curricula, students will better be able to meet the needs of their profession and their patients. A perioperative elective in the nursing curriculum would expose students to perioperative nursing and recruit the interested ones. Students who choose not to work in the OR will at least have gained an understanding of aseptic technique and teamwork. Our first preceptor course was held in May 1986. As of this writing, 11 programs have been completed. In May 1990, we met our goal of participating in a perioperative elective, which shows that educational goals can be achieved with cooperative efforts between academic and clinical programs.
Curriculum↗
Vascular anatomy of the pig kidney glomerulus: a qualitative study of corrosion casts.
Pig kidney glomerular vascular anatomy was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. A generalized vascular architecture is presented to describe the pig kidney glomerulus based upon the observation of 3,800 vascular cast glomeruli. The relative simplicity of the pig glomerular vascular architecture has allowed the characterization of different vascular segments more completely than has been possible in other mammals. Based upon relationships to the afferent arteriole, a nomenclature and definition of primary, secondary, tertiary and anastomotic vessels is proposed for the distributing vessels comprising the glomerular tuft. The existence and formation of a large central hemispheric vessel deep within the confines of a glomerular hemisphere is micrographically documented. Micrographic evidence is presented supporting the formation of the single efferent arteriole by the merging of two central hemispheric vessels within the confines of the glomerular tuft. Failure of the merging of these two vessels may result in multiple efferent arterioles.
Animals↗
Effect of photoperiod on body weight and food intake of obese and lean Zucker rats.
Although the rat is usually not considered to be sensitive to photoperiod, under some experimental conditions photoperiod responses are unmasked. In addition, we have observed photoperiod-induced changes in body weight gain in lean and obese Zucker rats. In this experiment, body mass, food intake, body composition, brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenic state, and blood concentrations of corticosterone, insulin, and glucose were evaluated under one of two lighting conditions: a short (10 h light: 14 h dark) or a long (14 h light: 10 h dark) photoperiod. Plasma corticosterone and glucose concentrations measured under fasting conditions were unaffected by photoperiod in either genotype. The amount of BAT mitochondrial protein isolated was less in long photoperiod rats. BAT mitochondrial GDP binding was unaffected by photoperiod in the lean rats, but tended to be lower in long photoperiod obese rats than in short photoperiod obese rats. Although, photoperiod had no effect on daily food intake of rats exposed to the short versus long photoperiod, body mass was heaviest in obese rats raised in long photoperiod. Plasma insulin was increased in both lean and obese rats in long photoperiod. In addition, fat storage appeared to shift to internal depots in the lean rats exposed to long photoperiod. Our data demonstrate that photoperiod does have an effect on male Zucker rats with respect to body weight and fat distribution, with the obese rats being more sensitive to changes in photoperiod than the lean rats.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
The fungicide benomyl (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate) causes testicular dysfunction by inducing the sloughing of germ cells and occlusion of efferent ductules.
Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (100 days of age) were given single oral doses of the fungicide benomyl (methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2- benzimidazolecarbamate) in dosages ranging from 25 to 800 mg/kg body weight. The testis and excurrent ducts were examined at 2 and 70 days posttreatment to determine the chemical effects on spermatogenesis and the epididymis. Primary effects seen at 2 days postexposure were testicular swelling and occlusions of the efferent ductules. Mean testis weight peaked with 400 mg/kg. Premature release of germ cells (sloughing), detected even with the lowest dosage (25 mg/kg), was the most sensitive short-term response to benomyl. Sloughing was found primarily in Stage VII of the spermatogenic cycle at the lower dosages, but at higher dosages sloughing extended into all stages except for Stages VIII-XI. Occlusions of the efferent ductules of the testis were dose-dependent and correlated with testis weight. Sperm and sloughed germ cells were compacted in the ductal lumen of occluded ductules, which were surrounded by two to four layers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and other inflammatory cells. Although the caput epididymidis contained sloughed germ cells and appeared swollen, evidence of permanent occlusion was not found. The long-term (70 days) effects of benomyl were decreased testis weight (at 400 mg/kg), dose-dependent increases in seminiferous tubular atrophy, and increases in the number of reproductive tracts containing occluded efferent ductules. Fibrosis, granulomas, and abnormal growth were long-term consequences of occluded ductules, which were present 100% of the time in testes containing 26-100% seminiferous tubular atrophy. Only a few testes were found to be completely regressed. Occlusion of efferent ductules and disruption of the seminiferous epithelium by sloughing of germ cells are overlapping dose-dependent mechanisms responsible for short- and long-term effects of benomyl on the rat testis.
Animals↗
Dual effect of serotonin on growth of bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in culture.
We have previously reported that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5HT]) alters cultured bovine pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (SMC) configuration through two different regulatory mechanisms. We now report that 5HT also regulates SMC growth through these same two mechanisms--a stimulatory event initiated intracellularly and inhibition of growth resulting from a cell surface action. 5HT (1 microM) plus 0.1 mM iproniazid (a 5HT metabolic inhibitor) produced a severalfold stimulation of DNA synthesis (as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation) of SMCs after a 17-24-hour incubation with only a slight elevation of cellular cAMP. This stimulatory effect responded synergistically with other growth factors including platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor and was effectively reversed by 5HT uptake inhibition. It was not produced by 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, a metabolite of 5HT. In the presence of 1 microM 5HT plus 0.1 mM isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX), cAMP was elevated eightfold, dendritic formation occurred, and [3H]thymidine labeling of SMCs was inhibited. Inhibition of labeling by [3H]thymidine was mimicked by other agents that elevated cellular cAMP (10 microM histamine, 1 microM isoproterenol plus 0.1 mM IBMX, and 10 microM forskolin) and by 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP. This inhibitory effect was not blocked by either inhibition of 5HT uptake or 5HT-receptor antagonists ketanserin (5HT2); methiothepin, spiperone, and mianserin (5HT1/5HT2); and 3-tropanyl-indole-3-carboxylate and 3-tropanyl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate (5HT3). However, similar to 5HT, the 5HT1A agonist, (+/-)-8-hydroxy-(+/-)-2-dipropylamino-8-hydroxy-1,2,3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalenehydrobromide, in association with IBMX, produced an elevation in cAMP and inhibition of labeling by [3H]thymidine. 5HT, in the presence of either iproniazid or IBMX, did not alter [Ca2+]i, indicating that [Ca2+]i was not a signal for either of these actions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animals↗
Timed acid bath effects on kidney podocytes prepared for scanning electron microscopy.
In perfusion fixation of dog kidney glomeruli, observation of tear fractured surfaces by scanning electron microscopy reveals the deposition of "debris" on the surface of glomerular visceral epithelium (podocytes) that is not deposited on other kidney tissue surfaces. It is of concern to remove this debris without damage to tissue surfaces. A 5 minute bath in 8N HCl (hydrochloric acid) following postfixation in 1% OsO4 (osmium tetroxide) removes only some of the debris. A 10 minute acid bath removes this debris without visible damage to podocyte surface structures such as cilia, plicae or blebs. A 20 minute acid bath is destructive to these surface features.
Animals↗
Fine structural characteristics and synaptic connections of trigeminocerebellar projection neurons in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis.
In order to classify the presynaptic terminals contacting trigeminocerebellar projection neurons (TCPNs) in rat trigeminal nucleus oralis (Vo), electron-microscopic examination of sequential thin sections made from TCPNs located in the border zone (BZ) of Vo, labeled by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, was undertaken. The use of BZ TCPNs, labeled in Golgi-like fashion so that many of their dendrites and axons were visible, allowed for the determination of the distribution of each bouton type along the soma and dendrites, as well as for the characterization of the morphology and synaptic relations of the labeled axon and its terminals. Three types of axon terminals contacting labeled BZ TCPNs have been recognized, depending upon whether they contain primarily spherical-shaped, agranular synaptic vesicles (S endings); predominantly flattened, agranular synaptic vesicles (F endings); or a population of pleomorphic-shaped, agranular synaptic vesicles (P endings). The S endings represent the majority of axon terminals contacting labeled BZ TCPNs and establish asymmetrical axosomatic and axodendritic synaptic contacts. Many S endings are situated in one of two types of synaptic glomeruli. One type of glomerulus has a large S ending at its core, whereas the other contains a small S ending. Large-S-ending glomeruli include only labeled distal dendrites of BZ TCPNs; small-S-ending glomeruli contain either a labeled soma, proximal dendrite, or distal dendritic shaft. The remaining S endings are extraglomerular, synapsing on distal dendrites. P endings are less frequently encountered and establish intermediate axosomatic and axodendritic synapses. These endings exhibit a generalized distribution along the entire somatodendritic tree. F endings make symmetrical axodendritic synapses with distal dendrites, are only found in glomeruli containing small S endings, and are the least frequently observed ending contacting labeled BZ TCPNs. The majority of axonal endings synapsing on labeled BZ TCPNs are located along distal dendrites, with only a relatively few synapsing terminals situated on proximal dendrites and somata. The axons of labeled BZ TCPNs arise from the cell body and generally give rise to a single short collateral near their points of origin. This collateral remains unbranched and generates several boutons within BZ, while the parent axon acquires a myelin sheath and, without branching further, travels dorsolaterally toward the inferior cerebellar peduncle. The collateral boutons resemble extraglomerular S endings. They contain agranular, spherical-shaped synaptic vesicles and make asymmetrical axodendritic synapses with small-diameter unlabeled dendritic shafts in the BZ neuropil.
Animals↗
Maternal brown fat metabolism returns to control level by four weeks postweaning in rats.
We studied body composition, white and brown adipose tissue cellularity, lipoprotein lipase activity and metabolic enzyme activity in three groups of rats: nonpregnant controls, lactating dams and nonlactating dams (i.e., dams not permitted to suckle their young). Nine to 11 rats in each group were killed on d 12 postpartum (study d 34) and on d 40 postpartum (study d 62). During lactation, brown fat citrate synthase, beta-hydroxyacylCoA dehydrogenase (HOAD) and lipoprotein lipase activities were significantly lower in the lactating than in the nonlactating dams or virgin controls. Although the nonlactating dams had their pups removed within 24 h after delivery, by d 12 postpartum citrate synthase and HOAD activities were significantly lower than those of nonpregnant controls. By the end of the study there were no differences among the three groups except in the case of HOAD. HOAD activity in the lactation group was significantly lower than in the nonlactation group. White fat cell number in the parametrial depot was significantly increased in the nonlactation groups by d 12 postpartum. In the lactation group, increased white fat cell number in this depot was detectable at d 40 postpartum, when carcass fat stores and fat cells had been repleted. These results demonstrate that both lactating and nonlactating dams undergo cellular hyperplasia, at least in the parametrial depot. This may predispose them to obesity. Also, decreased brown fat metabolism in the nonlactating dams may be contributing to their significantly greater carcass fat content at d 12 postpartum.
3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
Hyperprolactinemia prevents short photoperiod-induced changes in brown fat.
Previous studies demonstrated that short photoperiod exposure significantly decreases circulating prolactin levels. The present study investigated the possibility that concomitant changes in brown fat tissue mass, protein content, thermogenic capacity, and carcass composition are dependent on this change in prolactin levels. Male golden (Syrian) hamsters were sham operated and exposed to a short (10L:14D) or long (14L:10D) photoperiod. A third group was implanted with exogenous pituitaries under the right kidney capsule and exposed to a short photoperiod. In experiment I, 4 wk of short- vs. long-photoperiod exposure did not result in significant changes in circulating prolactin levels, nor was there an increase in brown fat mass, protein content, or thermogenic capacity. Four weeks of short-photoperiod exposure did significantly increase carcass lipid content. However, this increase did not occur in hamsters exposed to 4 wk of short photoperiod but made hyperprolactinemic (implanted with two exogenous pituitaries). Ten weeks of short photoperiod significantly reduced circulating prolactin levels. Concomitantly, brown fat mass, protein content, and thermogenic capacity, as well as carcass fat, were increased. These short-photoperiod-induced changes were not observed in similarly exposed hamsters that were made hyperprolactinemic via two implanted pituitaries. In experiment II, similar changes in brown fat and body composition occurred in sham-operated hamsters exposed to 10 wk of short photoperiod. These changes were prevented in hamsters exposed to 10 wk of short photoperiod but made hyperprolactinemic via only one implanted pituitary. These results suggest that decreased prolactin is a necessary condition for the increased brown fat mass, protein content, and thermogenic capacity that occurs when golden hamsters are exposed to short photoperiod.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
Prolactin stimulates food intake in a dose-dependent manner.
Lactation in the rat is marked by pronounced hyperphagia and suppression of brown fat (BAT) thermogenic capacity. We previously examined the possibility that elevated prolactin levels mediate these changes. The present study evaluated the effect of varying prolactin levels on food intake, BAT mitochondrial GDP binding, and carcass adiposity. Female rats were injected daily for 10 days with ovine prolactin at one of three doses: high = 3.0, medium = 1.0, or low = 0.3 micrograms/g body wt. Controls were injected with 0.9% NaCl. A group of uninjected rats served as an additional control. Cumulative food intake was significantly elevated in a dose-dependent manner in the prolactin-treated animals relative to the saline-injected and uninjected controls. Compared with the saline controls, the mean cumulative food intake was greatest at the high dose (20% increase), intermediate at the medium dose (17%), and smallest at the low dose (12%). Prolactin-treated rats gained significantly more weight during the experiment than did controls. Despite the hyperphagia in the prolactin-treated rats, no significant differences in BAT mitochondrial GDP binding were observed among the five groups. These data indicate that elevated prolactin levels stimulate food intake in a dose-dependent manner and that this hyperphagia is not accompanied by an increase in BAT mitochondrial GDP binding.
Adipose Tissue↗
Prolactin stimulates food intake in the absence of ovarian progesterone.
Increases in serum estrogen inhibit food intake. Conversely, progesterone stimulates food intake, probably via its antiestrogenic action. We have reported that elevated serum prolactin also stimulates food intake in female rats. It is unclear whether this effect is mediated through elevated levels of progesterone. The present study investigated the effects of prolactin on food intake and brown fat activity in the absence of progesterone. Female Osborne-Mendel rats were assigned to one of six groups: sham operated (Sham, n = 10), ovariectomized (OVX, n = 10), OVX + low estrogen (EL, n = 11), OVX + EL + prolactin (PIT, n = 9), OVX + high estrogen (EH, n = 10), and OVX + EH + PIT (n = 8). Estrogen levels were elevated by Silastic implants. Prolactin levels were elevated through pituitary transplants placed under the kidney capsule. Nine days postsurgery, food intake was significantly higher in OVX vs. Sham rats. Estrogen-treated rats (OVX + EL and OVX + EH) had significantly suppressed food intake values compared with both Sham and OVX animals. Finally, hyperprolactinemic rats (OVX + EL + PIT and OVX + EH + PIT) ate significantly more food than did estrogen-treated rats without pituitary explants. Despite the hyperphagia, no significant differences in brown fat GDP binding were observed. These data indicate that prolactin stimulates food intake in the absence of ovarian progesterone.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
Diaphragm atrophy and weakness in cortisone-treated rats.
Despite frequent therapeutic use, the potential of corticosteroids to produce respiratory muscle myopathy is unknown. We studied effects of chronic steroid treatment on diaphragm mass and function. Eleven Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with cortisone acetate (100 mg.kg-1.day-1 im) for 10 days. Controls (injected with vehicle) included 11 freely eating rats and 11 animals pair fed to match food intake of cortisone rats. Steroid treatment depressed body weight 30% compared with controls. Mass of diaphragm, gastrocnemius, and extensor digitorum longus showed significant atrophy (30%); heart and soleus were unaffected. Isometric contractile properties of costal diaphragm strips were studied in vitro using direct stimulation. The force-frequency relationship was markedly depressed by steroid treatment, both at low and high frequencies. However, force developed per unit cross-sectional area was similar among all three groups, as were twitch characteristics. When stimulated every minute, forces developed by control strips fell progressively, whereas the forces of cortisone-treated strips remained unchanged. When stimulated every 5 s, the fall in force was not different between groups. We conclude that cortisone weakened the diaphragm by decreasing muscle mass but made the diaphragm more resistant to one form of fatigue in vitro.
Animals↗
The cafeteria diet--an inappropriate tool for studies of thermogenesis.
Diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) is defined as a regulatory, facultative component of energy expenditure, stimulated by overeating, which helps maintain energy balance. DIT may play a central role in the regulation of energy expenditure and in the etiology of certain types of obesity. Most experiments testing the existence or the mechanisms of DIT have used the cafeteria diet for the purposes of stimulating hyperphagia, a requisite for studies of DIT. Yet such a diet is inappropriate for studies of thermogenesis because its use prevents researchers from obtaining an experimental outcome that can be clearly interpreted. The primary limitation of the cafeteria diet is that its nutritional composition is uncontrolled. The diet is self-selected from a variety of supermarket foods that tend to be high in fat and/or carbohydrate and low in protein, vitamins and minerals. Hence, the diets consumed by the animals are likely to be deficient in protein, vitamins or minerals. There is evidence that dietary deficiency of protein, vitamins and minerals can increase thermogenesis and in protein-adequate diets, the balance of fat and carbohydrate in the diet can also influence thermogenesis with high carbohydrate diets increasing thermogenesis more than isoenergetic high fat diets. Hence, an observed increase in thermogenesis in cafeteria fed animals might be interpreted incorrectly to be the result of increased energy consumption when it is attributable to dietary imbalance or deficiency. Because the diet is self-selected, it is possible for each animal to choose a diet that varies in nutritional composition from that selected by every other animal, so control of dietary intake is compromised.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
Growth of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus) fed different purified diets.
Two experiments were conducted to develop a purified diet suitable for studying nutritional requirements of juvenile white sturgeon (Acipenser transmontanus). In the first experiment, growth and survival rates of fish fed a purified diet (SPD) containing 50% casein:wheat gluten:egg white (6.2:3.0:0.8) and 8% refined soy lecithin were significantly (P less than 0.05) better than those fed a commercial nonpurified rainbow trout diet, a purified rainbow trout diet containing 50% casein:gelatin (7:3) or a purified catfish diet containing 34% spray-dried egg white. In the second experiment, fish fed SPD diet with or without cholesterol but with the same amount of lipid grew equally well. Fish fed SPD diet with lecithin grew significantly better than those fed SPD diet with its 8% lecithin replaced with an equal amount of an oil mixture. In both experiments, fish with good growth and survival rates also had significantly lower body moisture and higher protein and lipid contents than fish with poor growth and survival rates. Results suggest that the SPD diet with lecithin and without cholesterol (SPD-C) is a suitable purified diet for juvenile white sturgeon.
Animal Feed↗
Hyperprolactinemia stimulates food intake in the female rat.
Lactation in the rat is marked by extreme hyperphagia. The present study examined the possibility that elevated prolactin levels contribute to this increase. It also evaluated the effects of hyperprolactinemia on brown adipose tissue and carcass composition. Virgin Osborne-Mendel rats were made hyperprolactinemic via ectopic pituitary transplants (PIT, n = 9) or were sham-operated (SHAM, n = 8). Eight lactating rats (LACT) served as additional controls. Food intake, body weight and rectal temperature were recorded daily. Eleven days postsurgery (or 11-12 days postpartum), the rats were sacrificed, and brown fat (scapular, axillary, cervical and thoracic) was excised, weighed, and assayed for GDP binding, one indicator of thermogenic capacity. Carcasses were subjected to body composition analysis. Although prior to surgery, PIT and SHAM rats weighed the same, PIT rats gained significantly more weight during the experiment than did SHAMs. Percent body fat and food intake (both total intake and intake relative to metabolic body size) were significantly elevated in the PIT rats. GDP binding in both PIT and LACT rats was significantly less than in SHAMs. This was true whether GDP binding was expressed per mg mitochondrial protein or per total amount of mitochondrial protein recovered. These data confirm that brown fat thermogenic capacity is suppressed during lactation. They also demonstrate that elevations of serum prolactin, to levels that are well within physiological limits, are capable of stimulating food intake and white fat deposition in the female rat. It is presently unclear whether these results are a direct or an indirect effect of hyperprolactinemia.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
Metabolism at thermoneutrality and in the cold is reduced in the neonatal preobese Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rat.
Minimum and maximum rates of oxygen consumption (VO2) were determined in 2-, 6- and 8-d-old lean (Fa/?) and preobese (fa/fa or "fatty") Zucker rats. On each study day, three or four naive littermate male pups were placed in individual respiration chambers submerged in a water bath and studied simultaneously over a range of ambient temperatures (24-35 degrees C). The purpose of the cold exposure was to elicit maximal oxygen consumption and to determine the ability of the rat to maintain body temperature during cold stress. Minimum rates of oxygen consumption were observed at 33-34 degrees C in both groups. As ambient temperature was reduced, VO2 increased and rectal temperature decreased. Regression analysis revealed a significantly reduced oxygen consumption in the preobese pups within the thermoneutral zone and during cold exposure. A defect in energy expenditure for heat production was evident in the preobese (fa/fa) pups as indicated by their attenuated cold-induced rate of oxygen consumption and decreased ability to maintain body temperature during cold stress relative to their lean (Fa/?) littermates. Their lower VO2 within the thermoneutral zone implies that the preobese (fa/fa) pups have a decreased metabolic rate even under conditions in which cold-induced thermogenic mechanisms are turned off.
Adipose Tissue, Brown↗