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Biomedical subjects

B J Sanders

Publications and source records attributed to B J Sanders.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Comparison of electrosurgical and formocresol pulpotomy procedures in children.

OBJECTIVES: Although previous studies have examined the electrosurgical pulpotomy technique for primary teeth, no well-controlled, clinical human trials have been published. The purpose of this study was to prospectively compare electrosurgical pulpotomies vs. formocresol pulpotomies in human vital primary molar teeth. DESIGN: Fifty children were randomly divided into two groups, 25 receiving an electrosurgical pulpotomy and 25 receiving a formocresol pulpotomy. RESULTS: After at least 5 months postoperative observation time, the clinical and radiographic success rates for the electrosurgical groups were 96 and 84%, respectively; and for the formocresol group, 100 and 92%, respectively. CONCLUSION: There were no statistically significant differences between the success rates for the two groups at the P < 0.05 level as tested by Fisher's exact test. This study failed to demonstrate a difference in the success rate between the electrosurgical and formocresol pulpotomy techniques.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Antibacterial and physical properties of resin modified glass-ionomers combined with chlorhexidine.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of the addition of chlorhexidine (CHX) to a resin modified glass-ionomer (Photac-fil, ESPE, Norristown, PA, USA). Chlorhexidine diacetate was combined with a resin modified glass-ionomer material at a concentration of 5%. The samples were tested for hardness, tensile strength and erosion at 24 h and 6-week intervals and for elution of CHX and antimicrobial activity weekly for 6 weeks. At 24 h there was no significant difference in hardness between the two groups, but at 6 weeks the resin modified glass-ionomer group was significantly harder than the CHX groups (P < 0.05). The diametral tensile strength test indicated no difference between the control and CHX groups at 24 h or at 6 weeks. The jet erosion test demonstrated significantly less erosion with the CHX group at 24 h but at 6 weeks the CHX group showed significantly more erosion than the control group. The chemical assay data demonstrated a peak elution of CHX at week 1 with residual amounts at weeks 2 and 3. The microbial data demonstrated that the CHX group had a significant reduction in Streptococcus mutans numbers for weeks 1-3, but after week 4 there was no difference between the glass-ionomer with and without CHX. The addition of CHX to resin modified glass-ionomer altered hardness and erosion of the resin-modified glass-ionomer, but because there are no material specifications, it is difficult to determine clinical implications. Chlorhexidine did significantly improve the antimicrobial effect of the glass-ionomer which was consistent with the chemical assay data. The results indicated that the addition of CHX to resin modified glass-ionomer material (Photac-fil) did not seriously degrade the physical properties during the time period tested and that the addition of CHX resulted in a greater reduction in S. mutans when compared with glass-ionomer alone.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1999

"Loss prevention".

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine↗
PubMed1997

Interaction of GABA and excitatory amino acids in the basolateral amygdala: role in cardiovascular regulation.

Activation of the amygdala in rats produces cardiovascular changes that include increases in heart rate and arterial pressure as well as behavioral changes characteristic of emotional arousal. The objective of the present study was to examine the interaction of GABA and excitatory amino acid (EAA) receptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in regulating cardiovascular function. Microinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide (BMI) or the E A A receptor agonists NMDA or AMPA into the same region of the BLA of conscious rats produced dose-related increases in heart rate and arterial pressure. Injection of the nonselective EAA receptor antagonist kynurenic acid into the BLA prevented or reversed the cardiovascular changes caused by local injection of BMI or the noncompetitive GABA antagonist picrotoxin. Conversely, local pretreatment with the glutamate reuptake inhibitor L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylic acid enhanced the effects of intra-amygdalar injection of BMI. The cardiovascular effects of BMI were also attenuated by injection of either the NMDA antagonist 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) or the AMPA receptor antagonist 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-nitro-2, 3-dioxo-benzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide (NBQX). When these two EAA receptor antagonists were combined, their ability to suppress BMI-induced tachycardic and pressor responses was additive. These findings indicate that the cardiovascular effects caused by blockade of GABAergic inhibition in the BLA of the rat are dependent on activation of local NMDA and AMPA receptors.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1997

Early environmental influences can attenuate the blood pressure response to acute stress in borderline hypertensive rats.

The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that early environmental influences could affect cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress in borderline hypertensive rats. This study utilized a cross-fostering paradigm in which borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) pups were reared by their natural spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) mothers, by an adoptive SHR dam, or by an adoptive Wistar-Kyoto female. Several maternal behavior measures were taken throughout weaning. Cardiovascular responses to acute stress were measured in adult BHR offspring. SHR dams spent significantly more time engaged in arched, as contrasted with passive, nursing behaviors throughout the preweaning period. Although strain of dam had no effect on resting blood pressure or heart rate, BHR reared by WKY dams had a greatly reduced blood pressure response to acute stress compared with BHR raised by either natural or adoptive SHR dams. These results suggest that the expression of cardiovascular characteristics in the BHR can be modified by early environmental influences and support the hypothesis that the expression of the hypertensive phenotype in the BHR is dependent upon information that is conveyed both genetically and environmentally.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The effect of sleep on conscious sedation: a follow-up study.

This study evaluated the effect of preoperative sleep on the success of conscious sedation. Seventy-six children, from 18 to 61 months of age, participated in this study. Sixty-two children received chloral hydrate (50-60 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (15-35 mg) and 14 children received intramuscular meperidine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg). Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire which asked several questions about their child's activity the previous day, and their bedtime. The operator ranked the sedations on a scale of 1 to 4, with 1 being good and 4 being poor. The results were statistically evaluated using the Wilcoxon Rank sum test. The children that received a normal amount or greater amount of sleep preoperatively did not show any significantly higher degree of success (p < 0.26) with their sedation appointment. The parents' perception of their child's tiredness did demonstrate borderline (p < 0.08) significance. Children greater than 36 months of age had a significantly higher (p < 0.03) degree of successful sedations. The results of this study demonstrated that there was no clear correlation between the child's preoperative sleep and the outcome of the sedation, but that a tired child may increase the likelihood of a poor sedation. In addition, the child's age at the time of the sedation may affect the outcome of the sedation.

Analgesics, Opioid↗
PubMed1996

Intraoperative hypothermia associated with lower extremity tourniquet deflation.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine the rapidity and extent of core temperature decrease following release of a lower extremity pneumatic tourniquet. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Inpatient surgery in a university trauma center. PATIENTS: 11 ASA status I and II adults undergoing unilateral lower extremity fracture fixation in which a tourniquet was used, with general anesthesia. INTERVENTIONS: Temperature was measured in the esophagus before and after lower extremity tourniquet release. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Tourniquet times ranged from 41 to 129 minutes (mean 98.5 +/- 9.1 minutes). Following tourniquet deflation core temperature decreased in all patients, with a maximal decline at 10 minutes, the termination of measurements, although trending downward. Esophageal temperature decreased an average of 0.46 degree C +/- 0.2 degree C at 5 minutes, and 0.67 degree C +/- 0.2 degree C at 10 minutes following tourniquet release, respectively. Temperature changes were significant (p = 0.0001) at both time intervals. CONCLUSION: Core temperature drops significantly immediately following release of the tourniquet at the esophageal temperature monitoring site. This decrease is the result of cooling of systemic blood reperfusing the hypothermic limb, and mixing of cool, "washed out" blood with the systemic circulation. As the consequences of hypothermia are well-known, we recommend core temperature monitoring in all patients having lower extremity tourniquet placed during general anesthesia, as well as vigilant monitoring for prolonged effects of anesthetics in the postoperative period.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Clonazepam for the treatment of lancinating phantom limb pain.

OBJECTIVE: To propose clonazepam for use in the empiric treatment of shooting/shocking phantom limb pain. SETTING: Outpatient pain clinic associated with a university hospital. PATIENTS: Two patients with phantom limb pain after total hip disarticulation. INTERVENTIONS: Treatment with clonazepam. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Clonazepam provided effective relief for > 6 months in two patients with shooting/shocking phantom limb pain. Although clonazepam therapy is not new, it appears to have been omitted from current pain texts and journals as a treatment option for phantom limb pain.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Managing patients who have seizure disorders: dental and medical issues.

Some dental professionals may have concerns about treating patients who have seizure disorders. The authors contend that increased knowledge about seizures and how to manage them may make dental professionals more comfortable. This article reviews the various seizure types, discusses commonly used anticonvulsants and their side effects and outlines some special concerns dentists may have in providing care to these patients.

Anticonvulsants↗
PubMed1994

Central amygdaloid lesions attenuate cardiovascular responses to acute stress in rats with borderline hypertension.

The present study tested the hypothesis that lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) would reduce the cardiovascular responses to acute stress in a rodent model that is genetically predisposed toward hypertension. Male borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) were given bilateral electrolytic lesions directed to destroy the CeA or were subjected to a sham procedure. Direct measurements of blood pressure and heart rate were recorded during rest, during 10 min of acute stress, and for 10 min following stress. Analysis of the data revealed that BHR with CeA lesions had a significant attenuation of the stress-induced pressor response compared to sham-operated subjects. Behavioral measures taken in an open field chamber before and after lesions revealed no differences in numbers of squares crossed or rearings. These results suggest that the CeA is an important neural structure in mediating cardiovascular responses to acute stress in a model susceptible to environmentally induced hypertension.

Amygdala↗
PubMed1994

Vascular responsiveness in the unstressed borderline hypertensive rat.

This study compares vascular responses of unstressed borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) to age-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Rings of thoracic aorta were mounted for isometric force determinations in tissue baths. Cumulative additions of phenylephrine (PE) or serotonin (5-HT) produced contractile responses in BHR aorta that were less than WKY but greater than SHR. Removing the endothelium increased force development to both agonists, with BHR showing the greatest increase. Based on EC50 determinations, no differences in PE sensitivity existed between groups, although in response to 5-HT, rings from SHR were significantly more sensitive than WKY. While the sensitivity of all rings increased with denuding, BHR showed a greater relative increase in sensitivity than WKY or SHR (intact EC50 divided by denuded EC50) to both PE and 5-HT. This suggests that there may be greater endothelium-derived relaxation in BHR than in WKY or SHR. In rings precontracted with 1 microM PE, the cumulative addition of acetylcholine resulted in greater relaxation in BHR than in SHR and WKY preparations. Thus, rings from unstressed BHR, which have only slightly higher blood pressures than WKY rats, demonstrate greater endothelium-mediated relaxation than WKY or SHR. Increased endothelium-derived relaxation may represent a possible mechanism for masking hypertension in BHR that is compromised as a result of exposure to a chronic stress paradigm.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1994

The effect of sleep on conscious sedation.

This study evaluated the effect of preoperative sleep on the success of conscious sedation. Thirty healthy children between the ages of 18 and 61 months of age were utilized in this study. The children all received chloral hydrate (50-60 mg/kg) and hydroxyzine (15-25 mg) and nitrous oxide (30-50%). Parents were asked to complete a questionnaire which asked several questions about their child's activity the previous day, their diet, and questions that related to their bedtime. The operator ranked the sedations on a scale from 1 to 4 with 1 being good and 4 being poor. The results were then statistically evaluated using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Walls tests. The children that received a normal amount of sleep or greater amount of sleep preoperatively had a borderline (P = .06) higher degree of successful sedation. There was no correlation between the child's bedtime (early, normal, late) and the success of sedation. The parent's perception of their child's tiredness could not be correlated with the success of the sedation. The children greater than 36 months of age had a significantly (P = .02) higher degree of successful sedations. The results suggest that a well rested child may experience a more pleasant dental sedation while under chloral hydrate and hydroxyzine conscious sedation and that the child's age at the time of the sedation may affect the outcome of the sedation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

The borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) as a model for environmentally-induced hypertension: a review and update.

In recent years, the burgeoning disciplines of health psychology and behavioral medicine have renewed interest in the important role that environmental factors can play in the disease process. Nowhere is this concern more well-founded than in the area of cardiovascular disorders, particularly hypertension. Epidemiologists and clinicians have long suspected that stressful life events can be a sufficient trigger for the expression of hypertension in some individuals. To understand better the ways in which these variables interact in the disease process, researchers have tried, with limited success, to produce experimental hypertension in animals by exposing them to stressful environmental paradigms. Additionally, recent investigations using the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) have demonstrated the important role genetic factors can play in mediating both the behavioral and cardiovascular responses to environmental stressors. The current paper will review these attempts and discuss recent data from experiments using a relatively new animal model that appears to be especially appropriate for the study of environmental-genetic factors in the elaboration of essential hypertension. We will also discuss potential mechanisms by which environmental stress influences arterial pressure and suggest avenues for further inquiry into the stress-disease relationship.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Baroreflex function in chronically stressed borderline hypertensive rats.

A number of previous studies have demonstrated that some aspect of baroreflex function is altered as hypertension develops. However, no studies have determined whether a chronic stressor can alter baroreflex function in the resting state. In the present study, male borderline hypertensive rats (BHR) were divided into three groups: control, stressed daily for 5 weeks, and stressed daily for 11 weeks. At the appropriate time, 7 different dosages of angiotensin II (AII) were given intravenously as a bolus injection. Heart rate (interbeat interval, or IBI) and mean arterial pressure were tracked for 90 subsequent beats. For each group, intercorrelations between pressure and IBI were obtained. In addition, overall means of pressure and IBI for each dosage were computed for each group and plotted. Higher dosages of AII were required to produce a significant correlation between pressure and IBI in the 5-week group compared to control. In the 11-week group, only the highest dosage yielded a significant correlation between pressure and IBI. When data were expressed in terms of the highest pressure and its corresponding IBI for each group, the 5-week-stress group had a shift in set point compared to control. The 11-week group showed a shift in set point and a reduction in gain compared to control animals. The similarity between these findings and those for other models of hypertension is discussed, with special emphasis on the potential role of the central nervous system.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1991

The pediatrician's involvement in prevention and treatment of oral disease in medically compromised children.

Significant oral health problems are associated with medical, physical, or mental disorders that occur in children. The pediatrician has the opportunity through early intervention to set the tone for a health care practice that will improve the quality of life for many disadvantaged children. When the pediatrician and pediatric dentist work hand in hand, the children can often expect a happy, healthy future.

Child↗
PubMed1991

The effects of exercise training on salt-induced hypertension in the borderline hypertensive rat.

The borderline hypertensive rat (BHR) develops severe hypertension when chronically subjected to either a high salt diet or behavioral stress. Previous research has shown that daily exercise can attenuate the development of stress-induced hypertension in the BHR. The current study sought to determine whether exercise might also exert a similar protective effect on salt-induced hypertension. Two groups of BHR were placed on a high salt diet for 20 weeks; one of the groups also engaged in daily swim training for the entire 20 week period. A third group of BHR served as maturation controls. At the end of the experimental period, direct measurement of heart rate in conscious subjects revealed a significant resting bradycardia in the trained group on a high salt diet but no significant group differences with respect to blood pressure level. Cardiovascular responses to an episode of acute stress revealed that BHR are capable of elevating pressure in response to a novel stressor after swim training. These observations suggest that exercise may be an environmental intervention capable of increasing cardiovascular responses to acute stressors.

Animals↗