Cell cycle progression kinetics of regenerating mouse epidermal cells: an in vivo study combining DNA flow cytometry, cell sorting, and [3H]dThd autoradiography.
Cantharidin application to mouse skin induces cell injury followed by a regenerative wave of cells entering S phase in partial synchrony about 16 h after application. After pulse labeling with [3H]dThd the synchronized cohort of cells was traced through subsequent cell cycles during regeneration. This was accomplished by DNA flow cytometry of isolated basal cells combined with sorting from G1, S, and G2 phases followed by autoradiography at intervals after pulse labeling. Successive peaks of labeled cells in S phase at about 12-h intervals, followed by subsequent peaks in G2 and G1 phases were seen. This shows that the peaks of S-phase cells seen at 16 and 28 h after cantharidin application represent mother and daughter cells, respectively, the latter still cycling in partial synchrony. These 2 peaks of S-phase cells, therefore, are not keratinocyte subpopulations with different time lags between the stimulus to regeneration and the subsequent response. It is further shown that the mean cell cycle time is reduced from about 55 h in normal epidermis to 12 h during early regeneration. This is mainly due to a considerably reduced G1 phase duration, but the S and G2 phase durations are also reduced, although still within the range of circadian variations seen in normal animals. It is reasonable to assume a causal relationship between the considerably reduced G1 duration and loss of growth restriction. Cells with a slow progression rate through G2 phase (70% of all G2 cells) in normal mouse epidermis seem to maintain a slow progression rate during regeneration. Normal growth homeostasis seems to be gradually reestablished during the second day of regeneration.