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Biomedical subjects

B M Andersen

Publications and source records attributed to B M Andersen.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Economic consequences of hospital infections in a 1,000-bed university hospital in Norway.

Hospital infections were studied among 41,000 patients admitted to a 1,000-bed university hospital in Oslo, Norway. A prevalence rate of 8.5% in 1995 contributed to 14,500 days of extra stay in the hospital. The direct economic consequences of hospital infections was 40 to 50 million Norwegian kroner ($6-$7 million). The extra direct cost per infected patient was 14,300 Norwegian kroner ($2,200). Hospital infections are generating high extra costs and morbidity in countries with good general health care and with few problems with resistant bacteria.

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1997

[Floor cleaning methods of patients' room. Effect on bacteria, dirt and particles].

The effect of floor cleaning on bacteria, organic materials and particles in the patients' rooms was studied at Ullevål University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Four cleaning methods were compared; dust-adhesive (dry), humified, wet mopping, and regular wet washing (RWW) without a mop. The following tests were taken from the floor before and after cleaning: bacterial counts (colony forming units = CFU) and ATP (presence of organic materials), and from the air: CFU/m3 air, and particle counts/m3 air. Humified mopping and dry mopping reduced the bacterial counts from the floor by 75% and 55% respectively (p = 0.005 and p = 0.014, using contact medium). The wet mopping had no statistically significant effect, while the wet washing even increased the CFU on the floor by 35-50% (p = 0.017 with contact medium, and p = 0.028 with petrifilm). The two wet methods were the most effective, however, in removing organic materials from the floor; 65% to 70% reduction (p = 0.051 and p =0.008). The CFU/m3 air was low both before (50-130 CFU/m3) and after (70-110 CFU/m3) cleaning. A slight increase in airborne particles was measured after dry mopping. Combined use of humified mopping and wet mopping is recommended, but is dependent on a well prepared and finished floor surface.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1996

[Nosocomial infections in Ullevål hospital. Occurrence and economic consequences].

The present study concerns the prevalence, extra days in hospital, and direct extra costs of hospital infections in patients admitted to Ullevål University Hospital; a hospital with 1,000 beds in Oslo, Norway. Extra stay was calculated as mean of four extra days per patient or the extra stay connected with the different types of infection. Cost was determined as cost per day per patient in the different clinical departments, including all supportive services. Cost was also determined from the hospital's DRG-index (Diagnosis-Related Groups). A prevalence rate of 8.5% contributed in 1995 to 14,410 extra days in hospital, corrigated for the type of hospital infection. Calculated using a mean of four extra days per patient the figure was 14,000 extra days. In 1995, the direct economic consequence for the hospital was NOK 40-50 million (6-8 mill. US dollars).

Cross Infection↗
PubMed1995

Serotypes and resistance patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing systemic disease in northern Norway.

During the period 1985-1990, Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated form 97 patients with systemic pneumococcal disease in Northern Norway. Systemic disease occurred most frequently in the age groups 0-4 years and > 60 years. An increasing incidence was observed, especially among children less than five years old. Serotypes covered by the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine were found in 86 of 97 (88.7%) isolates. The vaccine did not cover 16.7% of the systemic isolates from children less than five years old. Reduced sensitivity to penicillin was found in one isolate (1.0%) which was resistant to ampicillin, doxycycline and chloramphenicol. The E-test and the Rosco agar diffusion test differed in sensitivity to penicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and erythromycin. Three serotype 12F strains showed unusual cross-resistance to chloramphenicol and erythromycin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The effects of 'in-use' surgical handwashing on the pre- and postoperative fingertip flora during cardiothoracic and orthopaedic surgery.

Two operating teams (25 persons) were followed for two months with fingerprint samples taken preoperatively; before and after 'in-use' surgical handwashing; and immediately postoperatively, with and without surgical gloves. The mean time for handwashing for the cardiothoracic team (CT) was 2 min and for the orthopaedic team (OT) was 3.5 min. A closer observation of 10 persons revealed a great individual variation in washing techniques, in spite of standard guidelines. The CT team performed eight, and the OT team nine sterile operations with an average duration of 3 h and 20 min and 2 h and 40 min, respectively. Surgical handwashing resulted in fingertip sterility in 111/118 (94.1%) cases; in 61/66 (92.4%) samples from the surgeons and in 50/52 (96.2%) samples from the assistants. Postoperative fingerprinting with gloves on showed sterile conditions in 85/91 (93.4%) samples; 57/59 (96.6%) from the surgeons and 28/32 (87.5%) from the assistants. Immediately after removal of the gloves, 43/67 (64.2%) of fingerprint samples from the surgeons and 13/48 (27.1%) from the assistants were still sterile. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and Bacillus species predominated in fingerprint samples. Of the 105 CNS strains tested, 11.4% were methicillin resistant. Only five strains of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated; in 4/5 cases from the OT. This study illustrates that in spite of standard guidelines, there is great individual variation in surgical handwashing. However, in most instances, the bacteria are eradicated from the fingertips. Even after surgery for 2-3 h, there may still be a residual effect of the hand disinfecting agent in half of the cases.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1995

Characterization of Neisseria elongata subsp. glycolytica isolates obtained from human wound specimens and blood cultures.

Four slightly yellow-pigmented, alpha-hemolytic, gram-negative coccobacilli, three from wound specimens and one from multiple blood cultures of a patient with endocarditis, were identified as Neisseria elongata subsp. glycolytica on the basis of their overall biochemical and genetic similarities to this subspecies. These strains resembled N. elongata in their guanine-plus-cytosine contents (55.6 to 57.1 mol%) and in their overall cellular fatty acid profiles, which are characterized by large amounts of 16:0, 16:1 omega 7c, and 18:1 omega 7c fatty acids. Their identities were confirmed by species-level DNA relatedness (hydroxyapatite method) to the type strains of all three N. elongata subspecies. The biochemical profiles and cultural characteristics of these strains resembled those of the type strain of N. elongata subsp. glycolytica except for the production of a weak yellow growth pigment and alpha-hemolysis on sheep blood agar. They differed from N elongata subsp. elongata by the production of catalase, by the production of alpha-hemolysis on sheep blood agar, and by acid production from D-glucose. They differed from N. elongata subsp. nitroreducens by the production of catalase and an inability to reduce nitrate. These studies suggest a pathogenic potential for N. elongata subsp. glycolytica, usually considered to be a transient colonizer in humans.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗
PubMed1993

[Haemophilus influenzae infections in children].

Haemophilus influenzae may cause serious infections, especially in small children. During the period 1980-90, 45 children with systemic H influenzae infections were admitted to the University Clinic, Tromsø. 17 patients had epiglottitis in the same period, but are not included in this material. One of the four septicemia patients and two of the 35 children with meningitis died, giving an overall lethality of 4.8%. Five of the patients with meningitis experienced neurological sequelae (14% of the patients with meningitis). Two of the systemic isolates of H influenzae were resistant to ampicillin because of beta-lactamase production, but all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and 3rd generation cephalosporins.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Neisseria weaveri sp. nov., formerly CDC group M-5, a gram-negative bacterium associated with dog bite wounds.

CDC group M-5 is a rod-shaped, gram-negative, nonmotile bacterium associated with dog bite wounds. DNA-DNA relatedness and biochemical and growth characteristics were studied for 54 strains from the collection at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. One typical M-5 strain, 8142, was further studied by 16S rRNA sequencing. DNA from 40 of 53 strains showed 82 to 100% relatedness (hydroxyapatite method) to labeled DNA from strain 8142. The guanine-plus-cytosine (G + C) content in 8 of the 41 highly related M-5 strains was 50.5 to 52 mol%. These 41 strains were oxidase and catalase positive, nonfermentative, nitrite positive, nitrate negative, weakly phenylalanine deaminase positive, aerobic, and alpha-hemolytic (sheep blood). DNA from the 13 remaining strains showed only 7 to 46% DNA relatedness to strain 8142. These 13 non-M-5 strains differed from the M-5 strains in G + C content, growth characteristics, and biochemical profiles. DNA from M-5 strain 8142 was most closely related to DNA from groups EF-4b (47%) and EF-4a (45%). 16S rRNA sequence analysis placed M-5 strain 8142 in the Neisseriaceae cluster of the beta-3 subgroup of the class Proteobacteria. It was most homologous (98.4 to 98.8%) to Neisseria animalis, Neisseria flavescens, Neisseria canis, and Neisseria elongata. All data are consistent with M-5 being a new species of Neisseria, for which we propose the name Neisseria weaveri.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Endotoxin liberation from Neisseria meningitidis correlates to their ability to induce procoagulant and fibrinolytic factors in human monocytes.

Endotoxin released from different strains of Neisseria meningitidis were studied for their ability to induce procoagulant (tissue factor, TF), fibrinolytic (plasminogen activator, PA) and antifibrinolytic (plasminogen activator inhibitor 2, PAI-2) factors in human monocytes. Two meningococcal strains that liberate endotoxin (E+; 270+ and 840+) and 2 non-liberating (E-; 270- and 840-) strains were used. The endotoxin activity in culture filtrates of these strains was monitored with the Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test. There was a marked difference between E+ and E- strains in their ability to liberate endotoxin. Suspensions of whole bacteria of all 4 strains induced a significant (14-19-fold) increase in monocyte TF expression when present in concentrations > 10(5) CFU/ml. At lower concentrations (10(4) CFU/ml), E+ strains were clearly more potent stimulators of TF synthesis than E- strains. Culture filtrates of E+ strains were up to 10(4)-fold more potent in inducing TF synthesis than filtrates from E- strains. This marked difference in inducing potency between E+ and E- strains was also observed when monocyte PAI-2 synthesis was examined. The PA expression, on the other hand, was suppressed when monocytes were incubated in the presence of culture filtrates, especially filtrates from the E+ strains. The increased procoagulant and antifibrinolytic activity, together with reduced profibrinolytic activity of monocytes, was closely correlated to the amount of endotoxin measured in the culture filtrates. These changes may contribute substantially to the coagulopathic state seen during systemic meningococcal disease.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1992

[Streptococci group B and pregnancy. Need for routine check-ups?].

Group B streptococci are a major cause of perinatal infections and affect 1-5 infants out of every 1,000 live births. Maternal vaginal colonization with these bacteria is common (5-25%), and has been associated with late abortions, foetal growth retardation, early rupture of membranes and premature delivery. Colonization with group B streptococci may be observed in more than 70% of neonates born to mothers with the bacteria in their vaginal tracts at delivery. A high number of bacteria in the maternal urogenital tract during pregnancy may predispose to early-onset disease in neonates. The estimated attack rate in colonized neonates is 1-2%. A high specific IgG antibody concentration in the mother may protect the infant, but probably not before 32 weeks of gestation. Colonized women who are unable to produce such antibodies risk having affected offspring. Neonatal infection with group B streptococci frequently results in death or permanent neurologic morbidity; especially from the early-onset type (case-fatality more than 50%) which is most often vertical transmitted. Four cases with early-onset disease illustrate the severity of perinatal group B streptococcal infections. The severity and outcome of the disease may be moderated by screening for group B streptococci during late pregnancy. This screening must be combined with special attention to irregularities in pregnancy or perinatal complications.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Hospital infections. Extended hospital queues and unnecessary costs of the health services].

In Norway the prevalence of nosocomial infections is 5-20%; more than 50,000 patients per year. The consequences may be serious for the individual patient and his family, a serious problem for the hospital department concerned and a burden on the Norwegian health services. Nosocomial infections can be treated by antimicrobial drugs which generate selective pressure towards more resistant organisms. Infections caused by resistant strains may result in longer hospitalization, more difficult treatment, and more severe illness. In future, efforts must be directed at preventing nosocomial infections by means of education, surveillance and control.

Cost Savings↗