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Biomedical subjects

B M Eley

Publications and source records attributed to B M Eley.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 10. Potential markers of bone resorption.

This paper describes the markers of bone resorption which might serve as potential markers for periodontal disease activity. It firstly describes the bone specific proteins which are involved in bone mineralisation and the role they play in this process. It then explains how they may pass into GCF and reviews those studies which have attempted to relate these factors to periodontal disease severity and activity. It next discusses the difficulties in isolating and detecting these factors in GCF and their possible use as markers for periodontal disease activity. As the final part in the series it lastly discusses the possible uses of predictive diagnostic tests of periodontal disease activity in dental practice.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 9. Potential markers of cell death and tissue degradation.

This paper describes the potential markers of cell death and connective tissue degradation which might serve as markers of periodontal disease activity. The first section deals with enzymes released by dead and degenerating cells. Firstly, it describes how these pass from the periodontal tissues into gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and explains that these enzymes have been used as markers of cell death in medicine for several decades. It then discusses the main enzymes in this group, aspartate amino transferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and reviews those studies which have attempted to relate these enzymes to periodontal disease severity and activity. Secondly, it describes the potential markers of connective tissue degradation, fibronectin, hydroxyproline-containing peptides and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and explains how these are produced. Finally, it describes the only commercial test kit for markers in this group (GCF-AST).

Aspartate Aminotransferases↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 7. Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes link with periodontitis.

Biomarkers of periodontal disease activity may be obtained from potential proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes of inflammatory cell origin. Studies that have sought to correlate these enzymes with periodontal disease activity are reviewed with special consideration given to collagenases, cysteine, aspartate and serine proteinases, beta-glucuronidase, arylsulphate, alkaline and acid phosphatases, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme and lactoferrin.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 6. Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes of inflammatory cell origin.

Potential proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes of inflammatory cell origin might serve as biomarkers of periodontal disease activity. The role of these enzymes in periodontal pathology, particularly in respect of collagen and proteoglycan degradation, is discussed. The cellular location of these enzymes and their normal control mechanisms by endogenous inhibitors is described.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 5. Potential inflammatory and immune markers.

The potential inflammatory and immune markers that might detect periodontal disease severity or activity are examined. The role of inflammatory and immune factors passing from the tissues into the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) are considered. GCF sampling is a necessary part of all diagnostic tests based on gingival and periodontal tissue factors. Inflammatory and immune factors found in GCF are reviewed with special reference to the humoral immune response, complement, cytokines and prostaglandins. The possible development of diagnostic tests based on these factors are discussed.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 4. Potential microbiological markers.

The potential of bacterial markers for the detection of periodontal disease activity is discussed. Chronic periodontitis has been associated with subgingival bacteria. Techniques are available to detect and distinguish different bacteria. In subgingival plaque, bacterial proteases can be detected. Commercial diagnostic tests based on bacterial factors are described.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 2. New clinical methods of diagnosis.

This paper describes the new methods of periodontal diagnosis. An outline of the problems of periodontal probing techniques is followed by a discussion of the advances made by the use of constant pressure electronic probes. We finally highlight the problems of periodontal radiographical techniques, leading on to a description of computer-aided radiographic methods--in particular, digital subtraction radiology and computer-assisted linear radiology.

Alveolar Bone Loss↗
PubMed1998

Advances in periodontal diagnosis. 1. Traditional clinical methods of diagnosis.

This series will consider the limitations of traditional periodontal diagnostic techniques and the recent advances which have sought to overcome them. It will cover improvements in probing and radiographic techniques and also discusses the attempts to find bacterial or tissue-derived markers which will diagnose or predict periodontal disease activity. The first paper describes the traditional methods of periodontal diagnosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Cathepsin B, alpha2-macroglobulin and cystatin levels in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis patients.

Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from 16 molar and premolar sites in each of 20 chronic periodontitis patients before and after periodontal therapy using filter paper strips. These were eluted individually into buffer for determination of cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors, alpha2-macroglobulin and cystatin. Cathepsin B activity was assayed with a fluorogenic peptide substrate, alpha2-macroglobulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and cystatin activity by inhibition of papain. Total amounts of enzyme and inhibitor per GCF sample decreased after treatment and correlated positively with pocket depth and gingival, bleeding and plaque indices. These comparisons were nearly always statistically significant for pooled site data and sometimes so for mean patient values. The amounts of alpha2-macroglobulin and cystatin were greater than those of cathepsin B and, surprisingly, enzyme and inhibitor levels correlated positively with each other. Experiments with purified reagents, however, demonstrated that the cathepsin B: alpha2-macroglobulin complex was still active against the low molecular weight substrate and that cystatin levels in GCF are probably insufficient to inhibit the enzyme substantially These factors may explain why GCF cathepsin B activity reflects the clinical status of periodontal lesions and has been identified in another study as a promising indicator of disease progression.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 7: Possible alternative materials to amalgam for the restoration of posterior teeth.

This is the last in a series of articles on the future of dental amalgam. It considers possible alternative materials to amalgam for the restoration of posterior teeth. The materials discussed are gold inlays, gold foil, gallium alloys, and tooth coloured non-metal alternatives including glass-ionomer cements, composite resins, glass-ionomer-resin hybrids, compomers and ceramics. The clinical indications for these restorations are first described along with their potential clinical problems and their mean survival rates in comparison with dental amalgam. Secondly, the safety of composite resins is considered and potential toxic and hypersensitive effects of these materials are discussed. Finally, it is concluded that the present evidence does not appear to demonstrate that dental amalgam is hazardous to the health of the general population. It does, however, recommend that in continuing to use amalgam dentists must use strict mercury hygiene procedures to avoid risk to their staff and contamination of the environment. It seems that mercury contamination of the environment is likely to be the main reason for any future government action against the continued clinical use of dental amalgam.

Air Pollutants, Occupational↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 6: Possible harmful effects of mercury from dental amalgam.

This is the sixth article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. It considers the possible toxic and allergic effects which could occur as a result of exposure to mercury from dental amalgam. The main toxic effects covered are neurotoxicity, kidney dysfunction, reduced immunocompetence, effects on the oral and intestinal bacterial flora, fetal and birth effects and effects on general health. The relevant studies in all these areas are described and extensively discussed. In addition, the possible development of hypersensitivity to mercury from amalgam is described and the production of delayed hypersensitivity contact reactions on the skin and mucous membrane, including lichenoid lesions, are considered.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 5: Mercury in the urine, blood and body organs from amalgam fillings.

This is the fifth article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. This covers the studies of mercury distribution to the blood, body organs and the fetus and its excretion in the urine and faeces of humans and experimental animals. It firstly describes the clinical studies comparing the blood and urine mercury levels in patients with and without amalgam fillings and goes on to consider attempts which have been made to calculate tolerable mercury thresholds for the urine. It secondly describes the studies on the body distribution of mercury from amalgam restorations in experimental animals and human cadavers. It finally describes the studies of mercury distribution to the fetus during pregnancy and includes both studies of experimental animals and human clinical studies. The factors affecting the accuracy of these calculations and the relevance of these results is also extensively discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 4: Mercury exposure hazards and risk assessment.

This is the fourth article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. It first describes toxic mercury hazards from all sources of exposure including dental amalgam. It begins by considering the many problems in accurately estimating daily mercury intakes from these sources. It then describes potential mercury hazards to industrial workers and the calculation of thresholds for the general public from industrial data. The implications of these findings to the production of a safe threshold for patients with dental amalgams are then discussed. It finally discusses the attempts which have been made to carry out a risk assessment of dental amalgam. In this connection it reports the reviews of the United States Public Health Service in 1993, the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare in 1994 and the risk assessment commissioned from Canada Health which was reported in 1995. It also includes comments on the methods used in this last report.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 3: Mercury exposure from amalgam restorations in dental patients.

This is the third article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam and covers mercury exposure from functioning dental amalgam restorations in patients. It firstly discusses the evidence for mercury release from amalgam fillings by considering the mechanisms of mercury release and its measurement in the expired air and the intra-oral air. In this connection it also discusses the various factors involved in the accurate measurement and calculation of mercury levels in these situations. It finally describes the various attempts to calculate the daily mercury dose from dental amalgam fillings and considers the likely accuracy of these calculations.

Absorption↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 2: Mercury exposure in dental practice.

This is the second article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. It describes the means of exposure to mercury which can occur in dental surgeries from the storage of mercury, preparation and placement of dental amalgam restorations, polishing dental amalgam restorations, the removal of amalgam fillings and the storage of waste amalgam. It also reports on the monitoring of dental practices and studies on the mercury air levels in dental surgeries and blood and urine levels in dentists and their staff. Also, studies which compare these levels with the health and neurobehaviour of dentists and their staff are included. In addition, it discusses post-mortem studies of the mercury levels in body organs in dentists and controls. It then recommends methods for the safe handling of mercury and dental amalgam. Finally, it discusses the issues surrounding the release of mercury into the environment from dental practices and industry.

Air Pollution, Indoor↗
PubMed1997

The future of dental amalgam: a review of the literature. Part 1: Dental amalgam structure and corrosion.

This is the first article in a series of seven on the future of dental amalgam. Dental amalgam is still the most useful restorative material for posterior teeth and has been used successfully for over 100 years. The history of dental amalgam since its introduction in 1819 and the controversies about its use between 1834 and today are described. The composition of the various dental amalgams in clinical use today are then reported. It finally covers the corrosion of amalgams since this is the means by which metals, including mercury, can be released.

Corrosion↗