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Biomedical subjects

B Masters

Publications and source records attributed to B Masters.

13 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Total body water in children with cystic fibrosis using bioelectrical impedance.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of commercially available single frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to predict total body water and hence body composition in a cohort of children with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: In 56 (31 girls, 25 boys) children aged 4 to 18 years, total body water was predicted using BIA and measured using a deuterium oxide dilution technique. Each child provided a urine sample before consuming 0.5 g/kg body weight 10% deuterium oxide. A further urine sample was collected between 4 and 6 h later. RESULTS: There was a mean bias between predicted and measured total body water of 1.1 L. The bias was consistent across the range of total body water measured in this study. The relationship between height2/impedance and measured total body water was TBW=0.35+0.74*height2/impedance. This equation is similar to other equations found in healthy children. CONCLUSION: We have shown that a commercially available bioelectrical device underestimates measured total body water. We have generated a prediction equation for the population studied, which we believe might enhance the accuracy of the method in children with cystic fibrosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Atypical mycobacterial pulmonary disease and bronchial obstruction in HIV-negative children.

Atypical mycobacterial infection in HIV-negative children usually presents with cervical lymphadenopathy. We report on 10 children who are HIV-negative and who presented with pulmonary disease, in whom either culture-proven atypical mycobacterium infection (four), positive avian Mantoux test (five), or lack of response to human tuberculosis treatment (one) had been observed. One case was subsequently diagnosed as chronic granulomatous disease and illustrates that children with atypical mycobacterial pulmonary infection should have their immune status fully investigated. Bronchial obstruction was observed in eight cases, and of these, endobronchial disease was found in six children. The diagnosis of atypical mycobacterial disease is difficult, and a negative avian Mantoux test does not exclude the diagnosis. The availability of clarithromycin and rifabutin has offered new therapeutic options in treating atypical mycobacterial pulmonary infection, but management of these cases can be prolonged and difficult.

Bronchial Diseases↗
PubMed1998

Post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans: clinical, radiological and pulmonary function sequelae.

Background. There are few data on clinical, chest radiograph (CXR) or pulmonary function sequelae in children with post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) (pulmonary crepitations, abnormalities on CXR, CT, nuclear medicine scans, or bronchography, with a history of past pulmonary infection and in the absence of other underlying pathology). Objective. To analyse the methodology of diagnosis, long-term clinical imaging and pulmonary function sequelae of post-infectious BO in children. Materials and methods. Imaging (CXRs, CT and nuclear lung scans) and clinical histories of 19 children were analysed. Results. Clinical follow-up (mean 6.8 years), revealed a high incidence of continuing problems (asthma and bronchiectasis). Fixed airway obstruction was the most common pulmonary function sequela. The sequelae on follow-up (mean 5.8 years) CXR were classified into five patterns which are illustrated: unilateral hyperlucency of an enlarged lung/part of lung; complete collapse of the affected lobe; unilateral hyperlucency of a small or normal-sized lung; bilateral hyperlucent lungs and a mixed pattern of persistent collapse, hyperlucency and peribronchial thickening. Conclusion. Long-term observations in children with post-infectious BO should be undertaken to detect bronchiectasis and obstructive airway disease. Sequelae evident on CXR, other than those previously described, can be found. Bronchography and/or lung biopsy are not usually required for the diagnosis of post-infectious BO.

Bronchiolitis Obliterans↗
PubMed1996

Resting energy expenditure, pulmonary inflammation, and genotype in the early course of cystic fibrosis.

To further investigate the early course of cystic fibrosis (CF), specifically to examine factors contributing to energy imbalance, we examined resting energy expenditure (REE) (by indirect calorimetry) per unit body weight and metabolically active body cell mass (by total body potassium), in relation to CF genotype (by genomic DNA analysis), CF pancreatic phenotype, and markers of pulmonary inflammation (from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid). Eighteen subjects with presymptomatic CF who were less than 2 years of age (n = 11, delta F508/ delta F508 genotype; n = 15, pancreatic insufficiency phenotype), identified by newborn screening, were compared with age-, sex-, and length-matched control subjects (n = 13). Those with the delta F508/ delta F508 genotype had significantly higher mean REE expressed per unit body weight (125%) and body cell mass (115%; p < 0.03). Those with other genotypes (n = 7) did not, as a group, have significantly different mean REEs, but individuals with known "severe" genotypes had REEs in the high range and those with a pancreatic-sufficient phenotype had significantly lower REE than those with a pancreatic-insufficient phenotype (p < 0.05), and REEs were in the normal range. Examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid revealed positive culture results (7/10) but variable colony counts, neutrophil percentages, and concentrations of interleukin-8 and interleukin-1 beta equally in both CF genotype groups. These markers of pulmonary inflammation were not correlated, individually or collectively, with REE or genotype. We conclude that genotypic variations in energy balance are detectable early in CF unrelated to lung inflammation. Subclinical defects in body composition and pulmonary integrity occur early in CF and, in combination with increased cellular metabolic activity, have important clinical implications with respect to early diagnosis and management.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1996

HIV-1 survival kinetics in peritoneal dialysis effluent.

Viable and potentially infectious HIV-1 has been recovered from the peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). No information had previously been available as to how long HIV-1 could survive in this environment, and no data were available as to how long HIV-1 could survive on peritoneal dialysis exchange tubing (PDET). Therefore, this study was designed to answer these questions. HIV-1 Mn was added to PDE and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 0 to 14 days. Following centrifugation, the cellular component of the PDE mixture was placed in co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV negative donors. Aliquots from the co-cultures were removed after 14 days and assayed for the HIV-1-P24 antigen. High levels of HIV P24 antigen were recovered up to and including seven days of room temperature incubation. HIV could not be recovered from PDE that had been incubated at room temperature for 10 to 14 days. Ten milliters of HIV-PDE mixture was placed within PDET and incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes. The solution was then removed by gravity drainage. After drying times of 0 to 168 hours, the tubing was flushed with HIV culture medium and placed in co-culture with PBMCs from HIV negative donors. The culture supernatant was assayed for the HIV-1 P24 antigen as a marker of viral replication. High levels of HIV-1 P24 antigen were recovered from the PDET wash for up to and including 48 hours of drying time. No viable virus could be detected for drying times of between 72 and 168 hours. To determine if common disinfectants found in the dialysis unit could inactivate HIV, dilutions of Amukin 50% and household bleach were prepared at final concentrations ranging from 1:32 to 1:2048. These disinfectant solutions were incubated with PDE containing HIV for 10 minutes. The cellular fraction of the PDE was isolated by centrifugation, washed, and placed in co-cultures with peripheral blood mononuclear cells. HIV P24 antigen levels were assayed every three days for 28 days. Amukin 50% and a 10% household bleach solution were effective in killing HIV in PDE at dilutions up to and including 1:512. These results indicate that HIV can survive in PDE at room temperature for up to seven days. HIV can survive on peritoneal dialysis exchange tubing for up to 48 hours. Final dilutions of 1:512 Amukin 50% and 10% household bleach, after 10 minutes of exposure, are effective viricidal agents in disinfecting PDE.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1993

The management of acute bronchiolitis. Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand.

The management of acute bronchiolitis is mainly supportive, but infants require minimal handling. Of those who are hospitalized, less than 3% require intensive care and ventilation but in these children the condition is life threatening. Oxygen, fluid replacement and careful observation remain the cornerstones of management. Bronchodilators should be avoided in young infants and antiviral therapy should only be considered in critically ill infants who have an underlying cardiopulmonary condition.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1993

Food safety and inspection service update on food safety of animals derived from biotechnology experiments.

Recent progress in the field of biotechnology and the production of transgenic livestock has raised a question regarding the need for the regulation of these animals. There is also the need to regulate nontransgenic animals resulting from transgenic animal research. It is anticipated that several governmental agencies will be involved in regulatory issues pertaining to these animals. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) will ultimately be responsible for ensuring that transgenic animals intended for human consumption are wholesome, unadulterated, and properly labeled. The FSIS has implemented a program for the regulation of slaughtering nontransgenic animals resulting from transgenic animal experiments. However, the FSIS has not yet approved any transgenic livestock for slaughter. Scientists from the FSIS, in conjunction with other government agencies, are currently developing guidelines for the slaughter of transgenic animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mycobacterium haemophilum causing perihilar or cervical lymphadenitis in healthy children.

We describe five apparently immunologically normal children with infection caused by Mycobacterium haemophilum and resulting in perihilar or cervical lymphadenitis. Clinical distinction from Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection could be made by culture only, because differential Mantoux test results suggested tuberculosis. Treatment of these children involved chemotherapy or surgery or both, and outcome in all cases has been excellent. We believe that M. haemophilum should be added to the list of non-tuberculosis mycobacteria known to cause lymphadenitis in otherwise healthy children.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1992

The management of acute laryngo-tracheo-bronchitis (croup): a consensus view.

The management of croup relies upon the traditional clinical skills of observation and examination. Parental involvement is essential and the appropriate reassurance of the patient is important. Endotracheal intubation is required only in a small percentage of children whose airway is compromised to such a degree as to produce fatigue and/or near occlusion.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed1985

Pulmonary actinomyces in a child.

Pulmonary actinomycosis is rare in Australian children. A patient with the condition is described in whom a diagnosis was made by open lung biopsy. She was treated successfully with penicillin and tetracycline.

Actinomycosis↗