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Biomedical subjects

B Milne

Publications and source records attributed to B Milne.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1983

Restriction endonuclease analysis of Marek's disease virus DNA and homology between strains.

The restriction endonuclease patterns of viral DNA obtained from serotypes 1 and 2 strains of Marek's disease virus have been compared and homology between the strains examined by hybridization. The results have shown that HPRS 16 (serotype 1) DNA has a structure similar to its attenuated variant HPRS 16/att except for a few fragments that are present only in the virulent strain. Evidence was obtained which suggested that these restriction fragments contained repeat sequences and that insertion of heterogeneous DNA occurred at these sites during attenuation of HPRS 16. The restriction enzyme patterns of HPRS 24 (serotype 2) differed substantially from those of HPRS 16 and HPRS 16/att and reassociation experiments showed that HPRS 24 shares less than 10% homology with either HPRS 16 or herpesvirus of turkeys (serotype 3).

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1983

Plasma glucose distributions in two pacific populations: the bimodality phenomenon.

The frequency distribution of plasma glucose concentrations in certain populations show two distinct sub-groups, viz. the non-diabetic group and a hyperglycaemic group. The two groups show up as a double peak (bimodality) in the best-fit frequency distributions of log plasma glucose, and the separation or cut-off point where the two curves intersect, gives an indication of the plasma glucose level at which diabetes could be diagnosed. Venous plasma glucose concentrations two hours after a 75 gm oral glucose load were determined in the Micronesian population of Nauru and the urban Polynesian population of Western Samoa, in subjects aged 20 years and over. Both communities exhibit bimodal frequency distributions of plasma glucose in the upper age groups in both sexes. In the younger age groups the frequency distribution of plasma glucose typically follows the usual unimodal Gaussian curve. However, the high prevalence Nauruans show the bimodal form in all groups except the youngest males. The data show that among these two communities, as with the Pimas, the frequency distribution of plasma glucose concentrations can be used to separate the population into normal and hyperglycaemic groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

The hemodynamic effects of intra-aortic versus intravenous administration of protamine for reversal of heparin in pigs.

The hemodynamic effects of intra-aortic (IA) versus intravenous (IV) administration of protamine for reversal of heparin were studied in pigs. The animals were anesthetized with sodium thiopental, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and halothane. Twenty minutes after heparinization (3 mg/kg) the following hemodynamic parameters were measured: heart rate, arterial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and cardiac output. Protamine sulfate (3 mg/kg) was injected over 30 seconds IV in Group I (five pigs) and into the ascending aorta (IA) in Group II (five pigs). After injection, the above measurements were repeated at 1.0, 2.5, 5, and 15 minutes. The hemodynamic effects of intravenous protamine (3 mg/kg) without prior heparinization were studied in Group III (four pigs). Groups I and II experienced a decrease in cardiac output (Group I, 14%; Group II, 29%) and a marked increase in PAP (Group I, 78%; Group II, 79%) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (Group I, 174%; Group II, 559%) which peaked at 1 minute after protamine injection (p less than 0.05). Cardiac output, PAP, and PVR returned to baseline within 15 minutes. Heart rate, arterial pressure, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) were unchanged. No hemodynamic abnormalities occurred in animals injected with protamine alone (Group III). It is concluded that IV or IA administration of protamine causes marked hemodynamic changes in heparinized pigs. This does not confirm a recent clinical study reporting stable hemodynamics after IA administration of protamine. The lack of circulatory effects of protamine in unheparinized pigs suggests that a protamine-heparin interaction may be involved.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Anaesthetic considerations in patients with muscular dystrophy undergoing spinal fusion and Harrington rod insertion.

Charts of nine patients with Duchenne and one with Becker's muscular dystrophy who had undergone spinal fusion and Harrington rod insertion for scoliosis were reviewed retrospectively. The mean age was 15 years and mean angle of scoliosis was 69 degrees. Preoperative pulmonary function studies showed a restrictive defect with a mean vital capacity of 1.3 +/- 0.69 litres, 35 +/- 20 per cent of predicted value, 33 +/- 20 ml . kg-1 and a mean inspiratory capacity of 0.99 +/- 0.5 litres, 23 +/- 13 ml . kg-1. There were no anaesthetic complications during operation and obstructive cardiomyopathy, hyperpyrexia, hyperkalaemia and rhabdomyolysis were not problems. Succinylcholine was avoided. One patient developed an arrhythmia postoperatively and one patient whose postoperative problems included tracheostomy, pneumonia and sepsis could not be weaned from the ventilator and died 11 weeks after operation. As assessing risk and survival of the operation depends on objective pulmonary function, a vital capacity of at least 20 ml . kg-1 in the range of 30 per cent of predicted volume with an inspiratory capacity of at least 15 ml . kg-1 would appear to be adequate in patients with muscular dystrophy requiring Harrington rod insertion. Other factors including the rapidity of progression of the muscular disease, other respiratory and cardiovascular problems, and disease such as obesity should also be considered.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Subcutaneous facial emphysema complicating dental anaesthesia.

A 20 year-old female developed swelling and protrusions of the tongue and marked facial swelling while under general anaesthesia for dental restoration and gigivectomy. The initial diagnosis was angioedema; however x-rays showed marked subcutaneous emphysema more extensive in the perimandibular area with a minimal amount in the neck. There was no evidence of pneumomediastinum or pneumothorax. The iatrogenic subcutaneous emphysema was felt to be due to air-driven dental equipment. Tracheal intubation was maintained for 21 hours to prevent airway obstruction. The patient was treated with oxygen and antibiotics. Subcutaneous emphysema may occur following root canal therapy, tooth extraction, periodontal surgery and operative dentistry, due to the use of air-driven dental equipment. It has the potential to cause obstruction.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Physical dependence on nitrous oxide in mice: resemblance to alcohol but not to opiate withdrawal.

Mice of two strains, Crl:CD-1(1CR)Br and C57BL6, were exposed to nitrous oxide at concentrations of 50, 65 and 80 per cent for 34 or 68 hours. Cessation of nitrous oxide resulted in characteristic convulsions similar to those seen in alcohol withdrawal in all mice. These peaked in severity within 2-3 minutes after removal from nitrous oxide and declined over 6 hours. The severity and duration of these convulsions were related to the nitrous oxide concentration and duration of exposure. Naloxone or naltrexone produced no significant increase in severity of convulsions. The narcotic antagonists did not precipitate acute weight loss or characteristic jumping behaviour seen in animals dependent on opiates. These results demonstrate that chronic exposure to nitrous oxide results in development of physical dependence which resembles alcohol and not opiate dependence. Analgesia and physical dependence produced by nitrous oxide appear to be mediated through separate mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The prevalence of diabetes in the rural and urban Polynesian population of Western Samoa.

Rural-urban comparisons of diabetes prevalence were made in te Polynesian population of Western Samoa. The prevalence of diabetes in the urban population was almost three times that in the rural (10.1% versus 3.6%). While the urban male and female subjects were significantly more obese than their rural counterparts, the difference in prevalence rate could not be wholly explained on the basis. Diabetes prevalence was still approximately double in urban subjects when we compared the rural and urban populations after removing the differences in obesity and age. The results suggest that, apart from age and obesity, other factors, e.g., differences in diet, physical activity, or stress (or a combination of these), may participate in the rural to urban difference in diabetes prevalence.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Hemodynamic effects of naloxone in hemorrhagic shock in pigs.

The narcotic antagonist naloxone has been shown to reverse hypotension in hemorrhagic and septic shock in rats and dogs. This study was undertaken to investigate the hemodynamic effects of naloxone on hemorrhagic shock in the pig. Thirteen pigs were anesthetized with pentobarbital and were bled to a mean arterial pressure of 54 per cent of the initial mean arterial pressure. Seven pigs received naloxone in increasing doses of 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 milligram per kilogram intravenously, while the six pigs in the control group were given identical volumes of normal saline solution. Results indicate an increase in mean arterial pressure in the pigs of the naloxone group compared with that for the pigs in the saline solution treated group. There was no increase in cardiac output after the administration of naloxone or after the injections of saline solution. Peripheral vascular resistance increased in pigs in the naloxone group compared with that in pigs in the saline solution group. These results are in accordance with the concept that naloxone may reverse hypotension in hemorrhagic shock by antagonizing endogenous opiate-like substances and that the latter may be involved in the physiopathology of shock. The rapid increase in peripheral vascular resistance after the administration of naloxone suggests a change in sympathetic reflex as a possible mechanism of naloxone action.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Anaesthesia for correction of oesophageal stricture in a patient with recessive epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica: case report.

Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica is a rare hereditary disorder which presents significant anaesthetic problems. These include malnutrition and anaemia; electrolyte imbalance in severe cases; renal failure and amyloidosis in progressive disease; association with porphyria; a history of steroid therapy. Technical problems associated with the necessity to avoid trauma to the skin and mucous membranes include those related to management of the airway and avoidance of regional techniques. Venepuncture may be difficult and oesophageal stricture increases the risk of regurgitation and aspiration. Anaesthetic management of a patient with epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica with oesophageal stricture presenting for colonic interposition is described and the problems associated with this disease are discussed.

Anesthesia, Endotracheal↗
PubMed1980

Problems in ultrasonic monitoring of multiple pregnancies.

Ultrasound would seem to be an ideal method of ensuring the early diagnosis of multiple pregnancy and also affords an opportunity to measure individual fetal growth thereafter. In a programme to study multiple pregnancies the majority were diagnosed early to allow adequate regular monitoring by ultrasound. Unexpected problems were encountered however and the failure rate to obtain satisfactory fetal biparietal measurements was almost three times that in singleton pregnancies.

Female↗
PubMed1979

Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy.

Intestinal obstruction is an unusual complication of pregnancy, but may be encountered more frequently in the future. Two patients with such a complication are described. Relief of the obstruction was achieved by surgical intervention in one patient and by delivery of a term baby in the other. The management of intestinal obstruction in late pregnancy is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Use of the laryngeal mask prior to definitive intubation in a difficult airway: a case report.

The laryngeal mask, a relatively new airway adjunct, consists of a large tube with an inflatable shallow mask at its distal end which forms a seal around the glottic opening. We describe a case of a difficult intubation in the emergency department of an obese patient with microagnathia, a short bull neck, and a nasopharyngeal hemorrhage in which a laryngeal mask was used to temporarily manage the airway prior to definitive intubation. In difficult airway cases where it is impossible to ventilate the patient by face mask or intubate the trachea, ventilation with the laryngeal mask may be an alternative to transtracheal jet ventilation or cricothyrotomy. The laryngeal mask may be useful in managing the difficult airway provided that the risks of an inadequate seal, obstruction, coughing and laryngospasm, and lack of protection from aspiration are recognized.

Airway Obstruction↗