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Biomedical subjects

B N Kinder

Publications and source records attributed to B N Kinder.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

An investigation of malingering posttraumatic stress disorder on the Personality Assessment Inventory.

Utilizing the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), this study aimed to isolate a pattern of responding that is indicative of an attempt to malinger posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The PAI profiles of 116 male participants were examined. Profiles of a group of 29 alcohol-abusing veterans with a primary Axis I (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) diagnosis of PTSD and a group of 30 alcohol-abusing veterans with no other diagnoses were compared to those of 27 undergraduate men instructed to feign PTSD. Control data were obtained from another group of 30 undergraduates. The student malingerers produced PAI profiles that were significantly different from the veterans with PTSD. Seven scales distinguished the malingerers from the veterans with an actual diagnosis of PTSD. Malingerers tended to overexaggerate pathology, inflating their scores on many clinical scales greater than the mean of the PTSD sample. Malingerers also scored higher on Morey's (1993) 8-item Malingering Index than either group of veterans and the controls. Only 2 scales reliably differentiated alcohol-abusing veterans with PTSD from those without the disorder. The implications of these findings in the diagnosis of PTSD are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Research validity scales for the NEO-PI-R: development and initial validation.

The purpose of this investigation was to develop a set of research validity scales for use with the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992b). In study 1 we used the existing NEO-PI-R item pool to select items for three validity scales: positive presentation management, negative presentation management, and inconsistency. Several iterative item and scale analyses were conducted, using multiple criteria for item selection. These analyses resulted in 10-item scales. In Study 2, the internal consistency, interscale relationships, and normative characteristics were examined in a separate sample of working adults. In Study 3, the validity of the scales was examined by contrasting five sets of NEO-PI-R protocols: from a separate sample of working adults, from a sample of 100 NEO-PI-R protocols with randomly produced responses, and from three samples of undergraduates completing the NEO-PI-R under different instructional sets. Analyses revealed that both the research validity scales and the NEO-PI-R domain scales were sensitive to group differences. issues relating to the appropriate use of the scales are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1995

Interrelationship between MMPI-2 and Rorschach variables in a sample of Vietnam veterans with PTSD.

We examined interrelationships between theoretically related MMPI-2 and Rorschach variables in a sample of Veterans Affairs outpatients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Subjects were 20 White Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with PTSD who completed the Rorschach and MMPI-2 as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Correlations were calculated for variables in three groups: validity, depression and anxiety, and thought disturbance. Results showed strong relationships between m, MOR, and the Dramatic special score of the Rorschach and MMPI-2 indices of distress. Positive relationships were also found for some indicators of thought disturbance, whereas correlations for other depressive indicators were not significant. Findings are discussed with regard to implications for the clinical assessment of combat-related PTSD and future directions for assessment research.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The susceptibility of the Rorschach Inkblot Test to malingering of combat-related PTSD.

The ability of subjects to alter their responses on the Rorschach and self-report measures to fake the symptoms of combat-related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was investigated. Subjects were 40 White male undergraduates, randomly assigned to either a control or role-informed malingerer group, and 20 White Vietnam veterans with PTSD. Subjects were administered the Rorschach, MMPI-2 validity scales, and Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD. Results indicated that malingerers were able to achieve scores similar to the PTSD patients on the Mississippi Scale and some Rorschach variables. However, they evidenced significant differences on the MMPI-2 validity scales and several important Rorschach variables. Malingerers typically gave responses that were overly dramatic and less complicated, less emotionally restrained, and indicated an exaggerated sense of impaired reality testing as compared to PTSD patients. Behavioral differences were also noted between the groups. Findings are discussed in the context of the study's limitations and the practical detection of malingered PTSD in clinical settings.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The problems of R in clinical settings and in research: suggestions for the future.

It has been suggested that we control for R in the interpretation of individual Rorschach records. A related, but distinctly different issue concerns controlling for or equating R in research. I suggest we should not control for R in interpreting individual records. There are also some research paradigms in which controlling for R does not seem advisable. In other types of research, I argued that some method of controlling for or equating R appears appropriate. The distributions of many Rorschach factors are markedly non-normal, and in some cases the shapes of the distribution for a particular factor may be different among different populations. In these instances, when attempting to control statistically for R, improper model specification may lead to erroneous findings. Finally, I argue for a theory-based, empirical approach to all future Rorschach research.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

Affective differences among empirically derived subgroups of headache patients.

We (Kinder, Curtiss, & Kalichman, 1991) reported four distinct subgroups of male and female headache patients based on the results of a cluster analysis of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). We extended these results by providing further descriptive information of the subgroups. The MMPIs of 229 (52 males and 177 females), composing the second cohort in our (Kinder et al., 1991) study of headache patients, were reclassified into subgroups. Differences between subgroups on independent measures of anxiety, anger, anger expression, and depression were investigated. Significant differences were found among the empirically derived subgroups. Results are discussed in the context of previous research on headache and back pain patients.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1991

Alcohol expectancies and male sexuality: review and implications for sex therapy.

Psychological expectancies regarding the use of alcohol may often be more powerful than pharmacological effects. Studies focusing on alcohol expectancies and the male sexual response are reviewed. Males who believe they consumed alcohol show increased arousal to deviant stimuli (rape, violent erotica) compared to males who are told to expect no alcohol. Sex guilt may mediate these effects. This research, and widely held cultural beliefs that portray alcohol as an aphrodisiac, may lead many males to employ alcohol as a "cure" for sexual dysfunctions. Suggestions are included to enable sex therapists to uncover and dispel these myths in their male clients.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1990

The susceptibility of the Rorschach to malingering: a critical review.

Empirical studies of malingering on the Rorschach are reviewed. Results from these studies are to this point inconsistent and inconclusive. Although several indices are related to malingering in individual studies, no specific malingering pattern has been found that replicates across studies. A methodological problem specific to this literature is discussed and future research designs are recommended.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

Alexithymia among empirically derived subgroups of chronic back pain patients.

A seeded cluster analysis procedure was applied to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) profiles of 102 male and 63 female back-pain patients. For both men and women, the resulting subgroups were found to correspond closely to similar subgroups obtained in several previous investigations. New data on the psychometric properties of the MMPI Alexithymia scale (Kleiger & Kinsman, 1980) are presented. Significant differences in alexithymia among empirically derived MMPI subgroups were found in the male sample only.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Role of anxiety and anger in acne patients: a relationship with the severity of the disorder.

Studies investigating the possible role of personality and emotional factors in acne patients have yielded inconsistent and sometimes contradictory results. In the present study acne patients self-rated the severity of their conditions as mild, moderate, or severe and were compared to a control group on several personality variables. These self-ratings were compared to the objective ratings made by their dermatologists. Acne patients who self-rated their conditions as severe were found to experience significantly higher levels of trait anxiety than patients with mild and moderate conditions and control subjects; patients with severe and moderate conditions showed a higher state of anxiety than control subjects. Acne patients rated as severe by their dermatologists showed higher states of anxiety, "anger-in," and "anger-out" than the others. No other significant differences in terms of severity emerged, supporting the view that acne patients are not markedly neurotic. The results suggest that anxiety and anger are significant factors for severe acne patients and that future research should include severity ratings from both patients and physicians in the research design.

Acne Vulgaris↗
PubMed1988

Specific components in the etiology, assessment, and treatment of male sexual dysfunctions: controlled outcome studies.

Controlled outcome studies investigating specific components in the etiology, assessment, and treatment of male sexual disorders are reviewed. Premature ejaculators appear just as accurate in assessing their levels of sexual arousal as are men not suffering from this condition. Absolute levels of sexual activity or desire do not seem to be as important for these individuals as has been suggested. Attempts to distinguish organic versus functional erectile failure using the MMPI or historical data have generally proved unsuccessful. Treatment effectiveness in premature ejaculation may be due to elevating the sensory threshold or may be an artifact of simply prescribing more frequent sexual activities. Removing performance demands through cognitive restructuring and sexual communication training shows promise in the treatment of erectile failure.

Ejaculation↗
PubMed1987

The mislabeling of sexual impulsivity.

Several authors have discussed a pattern of behavior that has been called Compulsive Sexual Behavior, Sexual Addiction, or Hypersexuality. The literature concerning this disorder is reviewed. It is suggested that the various labels applied to this disorder are inaccurate descriptions that are not reflective of the true nature of the condition. It is further suggested that this behavioral pattern is best viewed as a manifestation of an Atypical Impulse Control Disorder.

Diagnosis, Differential↗
PubMed1987

The use of audiovisual materials in sex therapy: a critical overview.

The use of various audiovisual materials in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions is reviewed. The results of several studies suggest that sexually explicit materials may have some desensitizing effects when used in a graduated fashion under the control of individuals who can terminate the stimuli in response to their anxiety level. However, it appears that the use of such materials may actually lead to increases in anxiety if used in an indiscriminate fashion. The implications of these findings are discussed and suggestions are made for future research.

Audiovisual Aids↗
PubMed1986

Anxiety and anger as predictors of MMPI elevations in chronic pain patients.

Studies utilizing the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with chronic pain patients have almost without exception found marked elevations on the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D), and Hysteria (Hy) scales. The present data reveal that Trait Anxiety was a significant predictor of elevations on all three of these scales for both males and females. Trait Anger emerged as a classical suppressor variable for males only. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

The development of a scale to measure cognitive distortions in bulimia.

The Bulimia Cognitive Distortions Scale (BCDS) was developed to measure irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions associated with bulimia. The final 25-item scale was found to have excellent internal consistency with high item to total correlations and a coefficient alpha of .97. Factor analysis revealed two clear factors measuring cognitive distortions related to automatic eating behaviors and to physical appearance. Data attesting to the convergent and divergent validity of the BCDS are also presented. With 110 subjects (55 bulimics, 55 controls), a discriminant analysis revealed the BCDS to be the only significant variable in predicting group membership, correctly classifying 93.6% of all subjects. The BCDS was also predictive of severity of bulimia as measured by the frequency of binge eating episodes. The potential of the BCDS as both a diagnostic and research instrument is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The use of art therapy in marital and sex therapy.

The literature pertaining to the use of art therapy in marital and sex counseling of couples is reviewed. All articles in this area are based on case study reports; therefore, their conclusions must be considered with caution. Art therapy techniques which have been developed for use in marriage counseling are identified, and several advantages to the use of these procedures are cited. Suggestions for research to validate these procedures are discussed.

Art Therapy↗
PubMed1984

Adjustment following surgical implantation of a penile prosthesis: a critical overview.

The literature on postsurgical adjustment and/or satisfaction of patients and/or their partners following implantation of a penile prosthesis is reviewed. Only those studies that have systematically assessed psychological variables independent of surgical or functional outcome are included. It is reported that while transitory emotional problems were not uncommon, 64-100% of the implant recipients reported being at least fairly satisfied. Similar levels of satisfaction were reported for their partners when they were interviewed together or when patients responded for their partners. However, lower levels were reported when partners were interviewed separately. Satisfaction was reported to be associated with several variables, and high-risk populations were identified. It is important to interpret these conclusions with extreme caution because of the many serious methodological weaknesses contained in these studies. These methodological problems in the literature are reviewed, and recommendations for future research are presented.

Adaptation, Psychological↗