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Biomedical subjects

B Peddie

Publications and source records attributed to B Peddie.

15 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Ethanol disinfection of plastic-adherent micro-organisms.

This study investigated the bactericidal effect of ethanol/water (70:30 vol:vol) against plastic-adherent organisms that commonly cause line infections. The experiments were performed in polycarbonate wells and all incubations were at 37 degrees C. Bacteria in broth were inoculated into wells and incubated (16, 40 and 72 h) before washing to remove non-adherent organisms and exposure to ethanol/water. Wells were then re-incubated with broth to detect surviving bacteria. All organisms incubated for 16 h were killed by 1h of exposure to 70% ethanol. After incubation for 40 h, 4h of exposure to ethanol was required to kill two strains of Candida albicans. Likewise, one of three of both Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, incubated for 72 h, showed growth after 1h of exposure to 70% ethanol but not after 4h of exposure. These results suggest that in contrast to log phase organisms, which are killed by ethanol/water solutions in seconds, plastic-adherent organisms are more resistant to the bactericidal activity of ethanol.

Biofilms↗
PubMed1998

Controlling a whooping cough outbreak.

Data gathered during a whooping cough (or pertussis) outbreak in the northern Coromandel in 1995 highlights some distinct characteristics about how the disease manifests itself in a defined geographical area.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

The association between colicinogenicity and pathogenesis among uropathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli.

Colicins have previously been thought to play an indirect role in bacterial pathogenesis. We describe here an association between colicinogenicity and pathogenesis among uropathogenic E. coli strains based on 568 clinical isolates. Significantly more strains isolated from patients with the symptomatic infections pyelonephritis and cystitis produced colicin, 44.4% (P < 0.05) and 51.5% (P < 0.01), respectively, than those strains isolated from patients with asymptomatic infections (32.5%). Attempts to identify new colicins produced by the 232 colicin+ isolates showed that 57.3% did not belong to any known colicin type. The colicin V genotype was found in only 10.8% of the colicin+ isolates, suggesting the possibility of different colicinogenic plasmids predominating during urinary tract infections.

Colicins↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of augmentin with co-trimoxazole for treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

Augmentin was compared with co-trimoxazole for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections in general practice. All 28 patients randomly allocated to treatment with co-trimoxazole were cured. Of the 24 patients treated with augmentin 20(83%) were cured. The cure rate with co-trimoxazole was significantly greater (p = 0.039) than with augmentin. One patient treated with co-trimoxazole developed a skin rash. Two patients treated with augmentin developed severe diarrhoea and abdominal pain and a further two light-headedness. Two of the patients who failed augmentin treatment were reinfected with an augmentin-resistant organism. Twelve of the 52 pathogens were resistant to amoxycillin. One of these 12 was also resistant to augmentin and two only moderately sensitive. An additional three patients were excluded from the study because their infecting pathogen was resistant to augmentin. Augmentin would appear to have a place in the treatment of amoxycillin-resistant bacterial infections.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Single dose doxycycline, cefuroxime and pivmecillinam for treatment of bacterial cystitis.

There is now considerable evidence showing the benefits of single dose antibacterial treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections. If single dose therapy is to become widely used it is necessary to clarify the minimum effective dose of the most efficient drugs. This paper reports three trials in women presenting in general practice with bacterial cystitis. In each trial the patients were randomly allocated to either a five day course of oral co-trimoxazole (CTM) or to doxycycline 300 mg orally, cefuroxime 1.5 g intramuscularly or pivmecillinam 600 mg orally. Thirty-eight of 45 patients treated with doxycycline were cured, compared with 44 or 45 treated with CTM. Fourteen of 20 women given cefuroxime were cured, compared with 19 of 20 prescribed CTM. Twenty-three of 30 women treated with pivmecillinam were cured, compared with all 30 given CTM. None of these three drugs, when administered as a single dose, was as effective as a single 1.92 g or 2.88 g dose of CTM used in our previous studies in domiciliary practice. These studies confirmed, however, that single dose therapy was well tolerated, preferred by the patients and side effects were minimal.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1982

Antibiotic concentrations in the urine from kidneys of unequal function.

Little attention has been given to whether an effective concentration of an antibiotic is obtained in the urine of a patient without azotemia who has one poorly functioning kidney and a contralateral normal kidney. This study was undertaken to measure the concentration of various antibiotics in the urine from both kidneys of 20 patients with unilateral renal disease and a radiologically and functionally normal contralateral kidney. Prior to ureteric catheterization each patient received a single parenteral dose of an antibiotic. The peak urinary drug concentration from the damaged kidney per unit of its creatinine clearance exceeded that for the normal kidney for 11/13 patients treated with an aminoglycoside and 6/7 given a cephalosporin. The most severely damaged kidney had a creatinine clearance of 0.6 ml/min. This patient received sisomicin and the peak urinary concentration was only 1.8 micrograms/ml. If a damaged kidney has a creatinine clearance less than 10-15 ml/min it would seem more appropriate to use a cephalosporin rather than an aminoglycoside antibiotic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Serum and urine concentrations of cefoperazone in severe chronic renal failure.

Two studies evaluating the efficacy of cefoperazone in patients with chronic renal failure are described. In study A, 10 patients with severe chronic renal failure were given 1 g of cefoperazone intravenously over 3 minutes. The mean serum cefoperazone concentration at 30 minutes was 119.3 +/- 15.7 microgram/ml, and at 6 hours was 35.9 +/- 5.7 micrograms/ml. The mean serum half-life using the method of least squares was 6.6 +/- 1.15 hours (range, 2.5 to 15.1). The mean half-life from 2 hours onwards was 12.2 +/- 3.51 hours (range, 2.3 to 42.9). The mean peak urinary concentration of cefoperazone was 192 microgram/ml with a very wide individual range of 20 to 920 microgram/ml which was reached 0.5 to 9 hours after injection. In study B, 8 patients with chronic renal failure were treated with 1 to 2 g of cefoperazone intravenously every 12 hours for 5 to 14 days for complicated urinary tract infections. Serum and urine concentrations of cefoperazone were measured 6 hours after each morning dose. The mean 6-hour serum and urine concentrations of cefoperazone for the 4 patients treated with 2 g daily were 63 +/- 11.7 and 87 +/- 11.1 microgram/ml, respectively. The corresponding values for the 4 patients treated with 4 g daily were 106 +/- 20 and 258 +/- 32 microgram/ml. No drug accumulation occurred in any patient. No deterioration in renal function was noted. In conclusion, cefoperazone promises to be an effective and safe broad-spectrum antibiotic for patients with all degrees of renal function impairment. A dosage schedule of 2 to 4 g daily will not lead to significant drug accumulation in the presence of severe renal failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cefoperazone in the treatment of severe or complicated infections.

We report the use of cefoperazone in 62 cases of serious infection, most of which occurred in patients with renal impairment. 43 severe or complicated urinary tract infections, 11 cases of pneumonia and 8 with other severe sepsis were treated with cefoperazone 1 to 2 g twice daily usually for 5 to 10 days. Of the patients with urinary tract infection, all who were symptomatic showed a rapid clinical response; 26 (61%) were cured including 11 of 16 with chronic renal failure; 12 relapsed and 5 were reinfected with a different pathogen. All of these patients were infected by organisms sensitive to cefoperazone by disc testing but in 5 of those who relapsed the cefoperazone MIC was in fact greater than or equal to 50 microgram/ml. Ten of 11 cases with radiologically confirmed pneumonia were cured with cefoperazone. 7 episodes of pneumonia were in patients with end-stage chronic renal failure (6 were on dialysis) and 1 was in a patient with acute renal failure. Seven of 8 cases with severe sepsis were cured with cefoperazone. 1 patient was withdrawn from the study when acute bronchospasm followed a 2 g intravenous dose. 2 of the successfully treated patients had functioning renal transplants, 2 of 3 with severe chronic renal failure were on dialysis and 1 had acute renal failure. Side effects included minor disturbances of liver function in 6 patients (11%), diarrhoea in 7 (13%) and marked alcohol intolerance in one, 4 patients with chronic renal failure developed a coagulation disorder which was corrected with vitamin K. None of the patients showed deterioration in renal function while receiving cefoperazone. Cefoperazone promises to be an effective drug for the treatment of a wide spectrum of severe infections in hospitalised patients including those with impaired renal function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Sisomicin in the treatment of severe or complicated urinary tract infections.

Sisomicin is a new aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamicin and tobramycin. Fourteen of 24 patients with a severe or complicated urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a 4-14 day course of sisomicin. In three patients the organism was not eliminated, in one there was a relapse with the same organism while in the remaining six patients a new pathogen (a gram-positive organism in five of these six) appeared within three to six days of completing the course of treatment. The initial infecting organism was therefore eradicated in 20 of the 24 patients treated. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe gram-negative sepsis.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Tobramycin in the treatment of severe and complicated urinary tract infections.

Tobramycin is an aminoglycoside aminocyclitol antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamycin. Twenty-one of 30 patients with a severe or complicated Gram-negative urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a 5-day course of tobramycin. No side effects were noted. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe Gram-negative sepsis, and promises to be particularly valuable for infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dosage schedules for administering tobramycin to patients with renal function impairment are presented, together with some observations on its intravenous injection by bolus. A single dose of tobramycin has proved effective for initiating the antibacterial treatment of patients with acute pyelonephritis. The important concept of the differing concentrations of an antibiotic in the urine from kidneys of unequal function is discussed.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1976

Tobramycin in the treatment of severe and complicated urinary tract infections.

Tobramycin is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic with pharmacological similarities to gentamicin. Eleven of 15 patients with a severe or complicated gram-negative urinary tract infection were cured by treatment with a five day course of tobramycin. No side effects were noted. This drug should prove beneficial for the treatment of severe gram-negative sepsis and promises to be particularly valuable for infections due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and organisms resistant to gentamicin.

Adult↗