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Biomedical subjects

B Piatkowski

Publications and source records attributed to B Piatkowski.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

[2,6-Diaminopimelic acid (DPA) content and the DPA:N ratio in rumen bacteria in relation to time after feeding].

The interrelation between the time of the withdrawal of rumen fluid and the DPA: N-relation in the fraction of mixed rumen bacteria was ascertained in a test with two cows with rumen fistulae. At the moment of feeding the DPA-content of 63 mg per g bacteria was very high. In the period of 3 to 9 hours after feeding it remained relatively constant (50 mg). A mean conversion relation of 20.4 of DPA to bacteria N was ascertained. The amino acid model proved to be the same in all fractions, the content values were comparable to those found in technical literature.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1978

[The effect of pelleting cereal straw with NaOH-addition on rumen fermentation in cows].

Experiments with rumen-fistulated dairy cows were performed to study the effect of NaOH-addition to cereal pellets. Compared to straw-concentrate rations in which the straw pellets were free of NaOH, cereal straw pellets containing 2.4 kg NaOH per 100 kg straw caused the rumenal pH to go up from 6.21 to 6.47, the cellulotlytic activity to rise by some 20%, and the passage turnover rate of dry matter to increase from 0,039 to 0,056. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids and the fermentation patterns were not influenced by the NaOH-content of the pellets. It is concluded that NaOH-addition during straw pelleting has a favourable effect on digestion in the bovine rumen.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of the roughage sequence and concentrates in animal feed on carbohydrate digestion and bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen of dairy cows].

In experiments with dairy cows provided with rumen fistulas and duodenal re-entrant canulas, the order of feeding roughage (chopped forage and pellets) and concentrates (maize and barley) was found to influence carbohydrate digestion and bacterial protein synthesis in the rumen. Feeding the roughage 90 min. before the concentrate caused a wider C2:C3 ratio and a sustained course of the pH-value (greater than 6.5) than the ratio other way round. This favoured cellulose digestion in the rumen when feeding chopped roughage. When feeding roughage before concentrates, the nonbacterial N-proportion in the duodenal contents proved greater than in the reverse order and revealed the highest values for roughage fed in pelleted form. Feeding structured roughage as first component of the diet with concentrates given afterwards is, therefore, recommended for dairy cows.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[The effect of physical shape of dried green feed and of various sources of starch on the site of digestion of carbohydrates and proteins and on the protein synthesis in the cow rumen].

The experiments were performed on cows with duodenal bridge fistulae to study the influence of the physical form of roughage (forage rye, chopped or pelleted) and of the starch source (barley or maize) on the place of carbohydrate digestion and on microbial protein synthesis. The organic matter digested in the stomachs contained more than 90% carbohydrates. Their digestibility was not found to be influenced by the physical form of the roughage and by the kind of starch source. Feeding pelleted roughage (30% crude fibre) as against chopped roughage increased the share of intestinal digestion of crude cellulose from 5 to 13%, whilst it remained relatively constant with starch (alpha-polymer bound glucose). Under high-starch feeding (some 2100 g/day) 710 g (maize) and 400 g (barley) of alpha-polmer bound glucose entered the duodenum. This corresponds to 29.6 and 17.6% of the starch consumed with maize and barley, respectively. When feeding the pelleted roughage (as compared to chopped roughage) a large amount of the non-bacterial N derived from feed protein and endogenous N (69.6 and 52.8 g/day) was available in the duodenum. Against this, the synthesis of bacterial N decreased (82.7 and 109.0 g/day). In the intestine, 107.1 and gN were absorbed daily from pelleted and chopped forage rye, respectively. In comparison with maize, barley was found to promote N availibility in the intestine (108.9 and 115.3 g N/day). Out of every 100 g of organic matter digested in the stomachs 28 and 21 g of bacterial protein were synthesized under chop and pellet feeding, respectively. Referred to the same amount, 6.6 g and 6.2 g N were found to enter the duodenum for chopped and pelleted roughage, respectively.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[Effect of high-carbohydrate diet in the form of sugar beet on glucose and ketone body levels in the blood serum of highly pregnant and freshly lactating cows].

In an experiment using 24 high-yielding cows (3rd and 6th lactations), group II was fed sugar beet as carbohydrate source (2 kg DM per animal and day) for 4 weeks before and for 4 weeks after parturition, whilst group I was given the equivalent amount of dried spent beet pulp. Sugar beet feeding during the dry period caused the glucose level in the blood to rise significantly from 48 to 55 mg/100 ml. On the 21st day of lactation the glucose concentration in group II (27 mg) had declined more strongly than in group I (37 mg). Feeding large amounts of easily soluble carbohydrates during the dry period obviously inhibits gluconeogenesis during early lactation. The ketone body level of group II was found to rise to 14 mg/100 ml by the 21st day of lactation (group I--4 mg), a level indicative of ketosis. The ketogenous action (strong formation of butyric acid in the rumen) of sugar beet enhances this effect, too. The daily milk yield did not vary much coming to 26.8 and 27.8 kg in the control and in the experimental group, respectively. The results allow to conclude that feeding fresh sugar beet to high-yielding cows just before and shortly after parturition is not advisable.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[The protozoa population in the rumen of fattening bulls fed varying feed and the effect of artificial transfer of protozoa].

High protozoa concentrations were found in the ruminal fluid of fattening bulls weighing 400 kg which were raised for the first five months of age in a large-size calf-raising plant. The ruminal fluid of these bulls, however, contained no protozoa of the group Holotricha. If the animals were fed a mixture of concentrates and pelleted straw (pH 6, 12.5 mMole of volatile fatty acids per 100 ml) 1 ml of the ruminal fluid was found to contain 827,000 protozoa whereas if the animals received rations rich in concentrates (pH 5.8, 14 mMole of volatile fatty acids) 1 ml of ruminal fluid contained only 578,000. Through protozoa transfer carried out by infusing 41 of a mixture of ruminal fluid from other cows per animal it was possible to settle other species, viz. Isotricha, Dasytricha and Ophryoscolex; this, in turn, produced a concomitant decrease in the number of Entodinium and a noticeable decline in the total protozoa population. Further work will be necessary to find out whether it would be advisable to influence the protozoa population of growing cattle kept in large-size cow plants in similar ways as described above.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1976

[The effect of straw in ground and pelleted form on the rumen fermentation and protozoa].

Cows possessing a large ruminal fistula were fed straw meal and pelleted wheat straw to investigate its effect on ruminal fermentation (concentration of NH3 and volatile fatty acids (FFS), pH, molar proportions of FFS, rates of FFS production) and on the protozoa population. The straw-concentrate mixture used in the present trial contained 40% of straw. The feeding of pelleted straw produced a significant rise in FFS concentrations (from 8.8. to 12.3 mMole/100 ml) and a corresponding decline of pH (from 6.7 to 6.1). With high molar proportions of acetate (72 mole%) the influence of the straw diet on molar FFS proportions was low. The NH3 peak observed 1 hr after feeding was higher with the pelleted straw than with the straw meal. The feeding of finely gound straw produced a higher level of FFS production (by 10%) than that of straw pellets. (3.88 and 4.29 mMole per gm DM). The number of protozoa (per ml of ruminal fluid) was 335,000 (straw meal) and 121,833 (pellets). The number of large infusorial cells (Isotricha, Diplodinium, Ophryoscolex) decreased correspondingly from 70,000 (straw meal) to 18,870 per ml (pellets). These results suggest that the feeding of pelleted straw-concentrate mixtures to cows as sole feed will not bring about optimum conditions for ruminal fermentation (FFS formation, protein synthesis) and for the layering of ruminal contents.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Studies of the influence of nutritional factors on the ruminal mucosa. 1. Structure and functional state of the ruminal mucosa after feeding of extreme rations and abrupt change in nutrition].

Different rations were used in successive experimental periods (Dried green feeds (I), fresh green feed from sugar beet tops (II), concentrates (III, IV), and maize silage (V), to test the effect they have on the structure and oxidative functions of the ruminal mucosa in cattle. Rations I, II, IV, and V were both energy and protein equivalent. Biopsy specimens from ruminal papillae were taken on the day when rations were suddenly changed and on the 21st and 22nd day of the feeding period; they were then investigated histologically and manometrically. It was found that some characteristics, (viz. the type and thickness of the stratum corneum, the thickness of epithelia, the size of cell nuclei in the stratum basale of the epitheliumas well as the state of the lamina propria and the oxygen uptake were subject to alterations depending on nutrition. Nutrition with energy-equivalent, but otherwise extremely different diets representing particular types of rations led to the development of different and quite specific functional states of the ruminal mucosa. All these functional states of the mucosa were found to be within the limits of normality but seemed to have a definitely more favourable functional effect in the case of rations I and IV than in the case of rations II and V. The feeding of concentrates (III, V) increased the energy intake to an amount of 6.6 kEFr, i.e. double that of the other rations, and brought about changes in quantitative parameters. These, in turn, indicated that proliferative and oxidative processes had been stimulated. Changes of this kind were accompanied by increases in the concentration of volatile fatty acids in the ruminal fluid which rose from a maximum of 9 mMol per 100 ml (ration IV) to 12.5 mMol per 100 ml (ration III). Immediately after any change in nutrition brought about by a change of rations, processes of adaptation occurred in the ruminal mucosa. A balanced state of the mucosa was again achieved after a period of not more than 3 weeks.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

[Results of chewing and ruminant activity of cows fed rations of cereal straw of various physical forms and after chemical treatment with sodium lye].

3 trials were conducted with adult cows. The animals received different types of coarse fodder (straw, lucerne) which was subjected to chemical treatment (liquid NaOH) and mechanical treatment (pelleting, wafering); then, the chewing and ruminating activity of the cows was measured. Different criteria were used, i.e. movements of the jaws during food intake and rumination and number of regurgitated bits of food. On the average, one movement of jaws lasted 0.94 sec. and swallowing and regurgitation took 5.5 sec. From this, the duration of the rumination process was determined. No differences in ruminating activity were found between lucerne and chopped/chaffed food while the the case of wheat straw about 30% of additional ruminating activity was performed in comparison with pelleted lucerne and chaffed food. This structural effect was even a bit more pro nounced when the straw was first ground and then wafered. Preceding chemical treatment of the straw with liquid NaOH reduced the ruminating activity in the case of chopped food by 53%, with pellets by 40% and with straw pressed into blocks by 62%. The finess of the feed was in no case found to be related to rumination activities, while hardness of the food particles as well as physical and chemical treatment of the food had an importent influence on the rumination activity.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1975

[Quantitative determination of chewing and rumination activities in dairy cows].

A device is described (RMBZ) which allows to register the movements of the lower jaws of cattle during food consumption and rumination. A microfeeler is connected to the device which is fastened to the halter. With the use of this device following data can be obtained separately: the total number of chewing movements; the number of bits of food swallowed and the length of chewing period in this way it has become possible to avoid the laborious and time-consuming work that is necessary to analyze strip charts. Trials were performed with varying patterns of food ration showing that this device is particularly suited for studies of this kind especially when compared with other devices using strip charts. Average deviations, e.g. in the number of rumination activities, from those registered with the recorder device were +/- 5%. The measuring technique and the operating principle of the RMBZ device are described in some detail.

Animal Feed↗