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Biomedical subjects

B Popkin

Publications and source records attributed to B Popkin.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Child malnutrition in Vietnam and its transition in an era of economic growth.

OBJECTIVE: In the past decade, Vietnam has achieved an impressive rate of socioeconomic development paralleled by broad improvements in the health sector--but child malnutrition still lags far behind that of most other health indicators. The purpose of this study is to discover inequality in the near-present situation (1997-98; hereafter referred to as the present situation), changes of child malnutrition over the period from 1992-93 to 1997-98, and factors that might affect the inability to rapidly reduce child malnutrition among the poor, rural, and minority populations. DESIGN: Data from two nationally representative surveys--the 1992-93 and 1997-98 Vietnam Living Standards Measurement Surveys (LSMS)--of Vietnamese households were utilized in this study. Descriptive and logistic procedures were used for the analyses. The focus was on the variables related to household poverty status, total expenditure levels, rural residence, and minority status with controls for other key economic and demographic measures. SUBJECTS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on data using 4305 households and 4367 children (2-11 years of age in 1992-93) that were included in both surveys of the Vietnam Living Standard Survey (VLSS) in 1992-93 and 1997-98, conducted under the framework of the LSMS. RESULTS: Children of rural households, poor households, and ethnic minority backgrounds are significantly more likely to be malnourished than urban residents, children of nonpoor households, and the majority Kinh population. Additionally, avenues to escape malnourishment are limited in the former categories. These results suggest that economic improvements in Vietnam have, for the most part, bypassed the rural poor and minorities, and targeting economic resources towards these groups will be most critical to reduce malnutrition in Vietnam.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Lay persons' understanding of the risk of Down's syndrome in genetic counselling.

Genetic counselling traditionally expresses risk in proportions (e.g. 1 in 112) rather than as rates (e.g., 8.9 per 1,000). The justification for this practice is unclear. To assess the understanding of lay persons of the risk of Down's Syndrome, whether expressed as rates or as proportions, we analysed 589 self-administered questionnaires. Overall, respondents understood rates significantly better than proportions (76.2% vs 72.3% correct, respectively; P = 0.03) Evidence from two studies in disparate populations suggests that rates are better understood and thus are the preferred way to explain genetic risk to lay persons.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Data correction.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Medicare graduate medical education funding and rural hospitals.

To assess the importance of medical residents to rural hospitals, and to predict the possible effect of reductions in Medicare graduate medical education (GME) payments, data from Medicare hospital cost reports and from a telephone survey of rural hospitals with residency programs are analyzed. In prospective payment system year 11, 70 rural hospitals received more than $80 million in Medicare GME payments. The presence of rural training programs enhanced staff physician recruitment and retention and led to increased numbers of physicians settling in communities surrounding the facilities. Many survey respondents felt that elimination of GME funds would results in downsizing or outright elimination of their training programs. The results support the contention that rural training programs are important to hospitals and their surrounding communities and provide an essential component of the physician supply pipeline to rural areas.

Education, Medical, Graduate↗
PubMed1998

Three squares or mostly snacks--what do teens really eat? A sociodemographic study of meal patterns.

PURPOSE: To categorize U.S. adolescents' meal patterns and related differences in dietary quality. METHODS: Using data from the Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals, 1989-1991, meal patterns from 3 days of adolescents' (ages 11-18 years) intake (n = 1310) were examined. Consistency of meal pattern intake and associated nutrient quality was determined. Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of several sociodemographic characteristics on meal pattern consistency. RESULTS: A higher percentage of adolescents consumed a meal pattern that included 3 meals/day than any other meal pattern: 57.4-58.7% on any given day. Forty-one percent of adolescents fell into the consistent (at least two meals on all 3 days), and only 3.5% fell into the inconsistent meal (one meal, with or without snacks, or snacks only, on all 3 days) pattern category. Logistic regression results indicated that being black [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.19, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.90, 9.27)], older (15-18) [AOR = 1.41, 95% CI (1.19, 1.67)], and from a single-parent household [AOR = 2.60, 95% CI (1.23, 5.52)] were predictive of an inconsistent meal pattern. School lunch has a positive impact on intake, increasing a consistent meal pattern from 36.0% to 44.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents who consume at least two meals (with or without snacks) on a consistent basis have an adequate intake of calories and a more nutrient-dense diet with respect to calcium, iron, vitamin E, and fiber than those with other meal patterns. From the perspective of following a diet to prevent chronic diseases in adulthood, adolescents regardless of meal pattern, consume a diet that is too high in fat, sodium, and protein, and too low in fiber.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

The nutritional status and dietary pattern of Chinese adolescents, 1991 and 1993.

OBJECTIVE: To increase understanding about current dietary patterns and short-term relationships between economic change and adolescent nutrition in a lower-income country, using the 1991 and 1993 China Health and Nutrition Survey data. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Eight provinces in China that vary substantially in geography, economic development, public resources, and health indicators. SUBJECTS: 2236 and 2018 adolescents aged 10-18 years who completed three 24-hour recalls in the 1991 and 1993 survey, respectively. RESULTS: Chinese adolescents experienced an improvement of diet and nutritional status. The prevalence of stunting declined from 23% in 1991 to 19% in 1993. Under-nutrition was a problem of concern although the prevalence (12-13%) was relatively low. Overweight was emerging as a problem associated with young, high-income and urban adolescents, but the prevalence (4%) was quite low compared with developed countries. Chinese adolescents' energy and protein intakes were adequate compared with the American RDA. About 27% of the participants derived more than 30% of their dietary energy from fat and 16% of them derived over 10% of energy from saturated fat by 1993. CONCLUSION: Chinese adolescents have experienced an improvement in diet and nutritional status, but undernutrition is still an important nutrition problem, especially among young and poor groups. More attention should focus on the increase of dietary fat intake and obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Drinking-water quality, sanitation, and breast-feeding: their interactive effects on infant health.

The promotion of proper infant feeding practices and the improvement of environmental sanitation have been two important strategies in the effort to reduce diarrhoeal morbidity among infants. Breast-feeding protects infants by decreasing their exposure to water- and foodborne pathogens and by improving their resistance to infection; good sanitation isolates faecal material from the human environment, reducing exposures to enteric pathogens. Taken together, breast-feeding and good sanitation form a set of sequential barriers that protect infants from diarrhoeal pathogens. As a result, breast-feeding may be most important if the sanitation barrier is not in place. This issue is explored using data from a prospective study of 2355 urban Filipino infants during the first 6 months of life. Longitudinal multivariate analyses are used to estimate the effects of full breast-feeding and mixed feeding on diarrhoeal disease at different levels of sanitation. Breast-feeding provides significant protection against diarrhoeal disease for infants in all environments. Administration of even small portions of contaminated water supplements to fully breast-fed infants nearly doubles their risk of diarrhoea. Mixed-fed and weaned infants consume much greater quantities of supplemental liquids, and as a result, the protective effect of full breast-feeding is greatest when drinking-water is contaminated. Similarly, full breast-feeding has stronger protective effects among infants living in crowded, highly contaminated settings.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Medicaid managed care programs in rural areas: a fifty-state overview.

Interviews with state Medicaid officials reveal that although managed care programs have been implemented in rural areas, participation remains behind that of urban areas. Many states aim to create a statewide Medicaid managed care program and are struggling to overcome barriers that are greater in rural areas, including providers' resistance, lack of commercial managed care, and inadequate supply of providers. Many have modified contracting strategies and shown flexibility regarding interpretations of travel standards, twenty-four-hour coverage requirements, and primary care case management requirements, to implement programs in rural environments.

Data Collection↗