Seminoma in a southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum).
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
B R Bryant
Publications and source records attributed to B R Bryant.
Pleomorphic lobular carcinoma: morphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular analysis.
Infiltrating pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) is an aggressive variant of infiltrating lobular carcinoma. Recently, in situ changes identical to PLC (PLCIS) have been described. The role of prognostic markers and their correlation with therapeutics, clinical outcome, and genetic changes is not well established in PLC. The authors examined 38 cases of this entity to understand better this tumor's biology. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis was performed in 21 specimens for estrogen and progesterone steroid receptors, p53, Her 2 (p185), and GCDFP-15. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was obtained from microdissected tumor as well as normal control cells, and loss of heterozygosity was investigated at the ESR (16q24), p53 (TP53 17p), Her 2 (17q 11-12), and BRCA 1 (17q12-25) loci. In this series, the average patient age was 57.5 years (age range, 24-92 years). Twenty-seven women were postmenopausal. Tumor size ranged from 1.2 to 25 cm. Six patients were a pathologic stage I; 19, stage II; 12, stage III; and one, stage IV. Histologically, multifocal nodular aggregates of discohesive pleomorphic tumor cells were seen interspersed in dense and fibrotic breast parenchyma. Twenty-nine percent of the specimens demonstrated associated signet ring cells. The remainder had dishesive, globoid, plasmacytoid cells with high-grade nuclear features. PLCIS was identified in 17 of 38 patients (45%), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) was noted in 8 patients (21%). IHC analysis showed estrogen immunoreactivity in 81%, progesterone in 67%, GCDFP-15 in 71%, and Her 2 in 81% (2+ to 3+ membranous staining) of specimens. Antibodies to p53 stained the tumor cell nuclei in 48% of the tumors. Loss of heterozygosity was identified in 52% of the specimens at the p53 locus, 18% at the ESR locus, 19% to 24% at the Her 2 loci, and 27% to 32% at the BRCA 1 locus. Follow-up was available in 19 patients and ranged from 12 months to 15 years (mean, 73 months). Seven patients had no evidence of disease at last examination (range, 1-15 years), three patients were alive with disease (range, 2-14 years), and nine patients were dead of disease (range, 2 months-9 years). Six patients had subsequent diagnoses of tumor in the contralateral breast. Analysis shows that PLC tends to appear in older postmenopausal women who present with locally advanced disease. PLCIS was found to be associated with PLC 45% of the time. The aggressive clinical course of patients with PLC is supported by tumor immunoreactivity with unfavorable markers Her 2 and p53. Overexpression of Her 2 in PLC may be therapeutically relevant, enabling the use of novel chemotherapeutic drugs like Herceptin. Interestingly, tumors that were Her 2 immunoreactive also maintained estrogen hormone immunoreactivity.
Adult↗
The Tall cell variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid: cytologic features and loss of heterozygosity of metastatic and/or recurrent neoplasms and primary neoplasms.
BACKGROUND: The Tall cell variant of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid (TCV) is characterized by the proliferation of oxyphilic, tall, columnar cells with a height-to-width ratio of at least 2:1. TCV exhibits more aggressive clinical behavior than conventional thyroid papillary carcinoma (CPC). Cytologic features suggestive of TCV have been described in fine-needle aspiration material from primary tumors. Similarly, loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for chromosome 1 (D1S243) and the p53 gene (TP53) have been reported in TCV but not in CPC, thus making exploitation of this genetic feature a potential tool for molecular discrimination between these two neoplasms. METHODS: Cytology samples of metastatic and/or recurrent neoplasms (M/R) (12 cases) and 7 cases of primary TCV obtained from 12 patients were evaluated. The cytologic findings of these cases were compared with previously published findings. Microdissection and polymerase chain reaction for LOH for chromosome 1 and p53 (D1S243 and TP53 markers) were performed on cytologic smears from 6 cases of M/R tumors and 3 cases of primary tumors. RESULTS: More then 50% of M/R showed atypical follicular cells with enlarged nuclei, granular chromatin, nuclear grooves, pseudoinclusions, and abundant finely granular cytoplasm. Cells were disposed in monolayers (58%) and papillary clusters (50%). Similar findings were present in cases of primary TCV. LOH studies showed that 4 of 6 M/R were noninformative and 2 of 3 cases of primary TCV were informative for the D1S243 marker; however, in contrast with previously published reports, no LOH was detected for the markers evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: M/R and primary TCV have similar cytologic features. Additional studies of larger series of M/R and primary TCV should be performed to delineate further any potential application of LOH for chromosome 1 and the p53 gene as a tool for diagnosing TCV with cytologic preparations. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol)
Adult↗
Infiltrating micropapillary carcinoma of the breast.
Infiltrating micropapillary carcinoma of the breast is a recently described and poorly recognized aggressive variant of infiltrating ductal carcinoma for which the clinical significance and role of prognostic markers are not fully described. In 14 cases of infiltrating micropapillary carcinoma, we studied histologic characteristics; immunohistochemical expression of c-erbB-2, p53, and MIB-1; hormonal expression of these tumors; and genetic alterations on the p53 locus. We correlated these results with clinical outcome. Patient ages ranged from 37 to 58 years (mean, 50 yr). Nine patients presented with a palpable tumor, one with an axillary mass. Three patients had abnormal mammograms. Five patients (36%) presented with Stage II disease, eight (57%) with Stage III, and one (7%) with Stage IV. The tumors were a modified Bloom-Richardson Grade II in nine cases (64%) and Grade III in 5 (36%). Mitoses ranged from 1 to 12 per 10 high power fields. Necrosis was uniformly absent. Psammoma bodies were present in 9 cases (64%) and lymphatic invasion in 10 (71%). In all of the cases, c-erbB-2 was identified immunohistochemically, and MIB-I was positive, staining 30 to 60% of the tumor cells. The cells were immunoreactive for p53 in six (75%) of eight cases, and, when present, stained 20 to 50% of the tumor cells. Loss of heterozygosity on locus 17p13.1 (p53) was identified in 4 of 5 informative samples. Molecular and immunohistochemical analyses had an 80% concordance. Follow-up was available in 11 patients, of whom 9 had recurrence in the skin and chest wall (average time of recurrence, 24 mo). Recognition of this distinctive and aggressive variant of infiltrating carcinoma is important because of its unfavorable prognosis and specific pattern of local recurrence. Its aggressive nature is supported by its advanced stage at presentation and expression of unfavorable prognostic markers.
Adult↗
Genetic analysis of synchronous mucinous tumors of the ovary and appendix.
The coexistence of mucinous ovarian and appendiceal tumors in association with pseudomyxoma peritonei (PP) is well established. However, it has not been determined whether they represent independent or metastatic neoplasms. The authors analyzed microsatellites on chromosome 17q 21.3-22 (nm23), 3p 25-26 (von Hippel Lindau disease [VHL] gene), and 5q 21-22 (D5S346 locus) in 12 synchronous ovarian and appendiceal mucinous lesions. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the nm23 locus has been shown previously in ovarian carcinomas, and genetic alterations at both the 3p and 5q loci have been reported in colorectal carcinomas. The ovarian lesions consisted of nine mucinous tumors of low malignant potential and three invasive adenocarcinomas, and the appendiceal lesions consisted of eight carcinomas without invasion, two invasive carcinomas, and two mucosal hyperplasias. DNA was extracted from microdissected cells obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections and amplified by polymerase chain reaction. In three specimens, genetic alterations occurred at 17q 21.3-22 in only the ovarian tumors. One of these cases showed LOH on chromosome 5q 21-22 in only the appendiceal tumor. In three other specimens, LOH at the same locus was found in both tumors. Six specimens did not show LOH at any locus. These results suggest that a subset of synchronous mucinos ovarian and appendiceal lesions showing different LOH patterns in both sites most likely represent patients with two separate primary lesions. Another group of specimens with the same allelic loss in both tumors most likely represent patients with a single primary and metastatic spread. Thus, genetic analysis of these lesions may be useful in investigating the origin of histologically similar synchronous tumors.
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
Vaccination of pregnant animals.
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Animals↗
Characteristic behaviors of students with LD who have teacher-identified math weaknesses.
Mathematics learning disabilities (LD) have gained increased attention over the last decade from both researchers and practitioners. A large percentage of students receiving learning disability services experience difficulties with mathematics, but little research has examined the specific mathematics behaviors of students with LD who have teacher-identified math weaknesses. This study examines the literature on mathematics LD and identifies specific behaviors from that body of research for the purpose of determining the extent to which those behaviors are observed in students with LD. Data are presented from observations of 391 special education professionals on 1724 students with LD, 870 of whom had identified math weaknesses and 854 of whom did not. Our results validate the existing literature and provide implications for teachers, researchers, and others interested in studying mathematics LD.
Adolescent↗
Educational assessment of mathematics skills and abilities.
Mathematics assessments play a valuable role in identifying students' strengths and weaknesses and in developing and monitoring instructional practice. Over the last century, mathematics assessment has been refined as math content has changed as a result of curriculum reform. Today, researchers and practitioners use various assessment techniques to (a) identify students who have mathematics learning disabilities (LD), (b) target individual strengths and weaknesses across mathematics areas, (c) document the effects of mathematics instruction in a remedial or special program, (d) identify strategies that students employ during math activities, (e) conduct research about the characteristics of students with math LD, and (f) examine the technical characteristics of mathematics tests. This article provides an historical overview of the development of mathematics assessment and a description of specific strategies for conducting math evaluations.
Educational Measurement↗
The Technology-Related Assistance to Individuals with Disabilities Act: relevance to individuals with learning disabilities and their advocates.
Assistive technology (AT) was recognized by Congress as a viable need for people with disabilities when it passed the Tech Act in 1988. The legislation, which was reauthorized in 1994, has resulted in numerous programs and services that have helped people with disabilities access and use AT devices. The Tech Act's implications for people with learning disabilities is discussed in this article.
Health Services Accessibility↗
Using assistive technology adaptations to include students with learning disabilities in cooperative learning activities.
Cooperative learning (CL) is a common instructional arrangement that is used by classroom teachers to foster academic achievement and social acceptance of students with and without learning disabilities. Cooperative learning is appealing to classroom teachers because it can provide an opportunity for more instruction and feedback by peers than can be provided by teachers to individual students who require extra assistance. Recent studies suggest that students with LD may need adaptations during cooperative learning activities. The use of assistive technology adaptations may be necessary to help some students with LD compensate for their specific learning difficulties so that they can engage more readily in cooperative learning activities. A process for integrating technology adaptations into cooperative learning activities is discussed in terms of three components: selecting adaptations, monitoring the use of the adaptations during cooperative learning activities, and evaluating the adaptations' effectiveness. The article concludes with comments regarding barriers to and support systems for technology integration, technology and effective instructional practices, and the need to consider technology adaptations for students who have learning disabilities.
Cooperative Behavior↗