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Biomedical subjects

B Rogoff

Publications and source records attributed to B Rogoff.

11 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

Mothers' and toddlers' coordinated joint focus of attention: variations with maternal dysphoric symptoms.

This investigation compared the attention patterns of 40 toddlers and their mothers with or without dysphoric symptoms in a situation that allowed both common and independent foci of attention. Mother-toddler dyads with a dysphoric mother spent a smaller proportion of the session engaged in attention to an activity in common than did dyads with nondysphoric mothers. In addition, even when primarily attending elsewhere, nondysphoric mothers more extensively time-shared their attention between their child and a competing activity than did dysphoric mothers. Thus, dysphoric mothers appear to attend to an event in common with their children less frequently than do nondysphoric mothers in terms of both their primary focus of attention and their attentiveness to the child when primarily attending to a competing event.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Infants' instrumental use of their mothers to achieve their goals.

In order to investigate very young children's active contribution to managing interaction with others, we examined 6-13-month-old infants' instrumental use of their mothers to reach goals. We examined the idea that infants are already involved at 6 months in managing interaction with adults, with rapidly increasing instrumental use of mothers between 6 and 13 months. 64 mother-infant pairs were videotaped during structured episodes in which the investigator instructed the mother to challenge the infant to use her instrumentally to get access to or to work a toy. Already at 6 months of age, infants used their mothers instrumentally in 36% of the episodes. The amount of infants' instrumental use of their mothers increased to 67% of episodes at 9 months and continued increasing to 78% of the episodes by 13 months. These results suggest early and rapid development of infants' management of joint activities from as early as the middle of the first year of life.

Child Behavior↗
PubMed1993

Guided participation in cultural activity by toddlers and caregivers.

In this Monograph, we examine how toddlers and their caregivers from four cultural communities collaborate in shared activities. We focus both on similarities across communities in processes of guided participation--structuring children's participation and bridging between their understanding and that of their caregivers--and on differences in how guided participation occurs. We examine the idea that a key cultural difference entails who is responsible for learning--whether adults take this responsibility by structuring teaching situations or whether children take responsibility for learning through observation and through participating in adult activities with caregivers' support. We speculate that these two patterns relate to cultural variation in the segregation of children from adult activities of their community and in emphasis on formal schooling. The four communities of our study vary along these lines as well as in other ways: a Mayan Indian town in Guatemala, a middle-class urban group in the United States, a tribal village in India, and a middle-class urban neighborhood in Turkey. In each community, we visited the families of 14 toddlers (aged 12-24 months) for an interview that was focused on child-rearing practices, which included observations of caregivers helping the toddlers operate novel objects spontaneously during adult activities. Results are based on systematic analysis of patterns of communication and attention in each family in each community, combining the tools of ethnographic description, graphic analysis, and statistics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Memory for information organized in a scene by children from two cultures.

In cross-cultural research, Western children have shown better memory performance than non-Western children. Such research, however, is usually limited to tests emphasizing memory for isolated bits of information upon which organization must be imposed. Such tasks are highly unusual in everyday settings, in which most information to be remembered is contextually organized. The present study investigates reconstruction of an organized 3-dimensional miniature scene by 30 Mayan and 30 U.S. 9-year-olds. On standard memory tests, the Mayan children have shown poorer performance. With the organized scene, however, the Mayan children's performance has been as good as that of the U.S. children. The results suggest that, through everyday experience, children of any culture may be skilled in remembering information organized by a meaningful context, while variation in amount of experience with lists of items devoid of organization may lead to cultural differences in standard list-memory tests.

Child↗
PubMed1979

A cross-cultural study of cognitive development.

This Monograph summarizes a comparative study of recall memory among children from two Guatemalan towns and one American city. The age interval of greatest improvement in serial recall of pictures, words and orientations of dolls varied across settings by as much as 4-6 years, but performance improved with age in all communities. It was suggested that the activation of varied strategies to aid recall memory emerged in all children during the preadolescent years, but environmental factors, as yet unspecified, determined both the slope of the growth function and its asymptotic level.

Adolescent↗