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Biomedical subjects

B Rowe

Publications and source records attributed to B Rowe.

At least 145 records · Page 8Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Structure and antigenic properties of Citrobacter freundii lipopolysaccharides.

Citrobacter freundii strain E69366 was detected in a colony immunoassay with a rabbit antiserum prepared to a strain of Escherichia coli belonging to serogroup O157. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was shown to contain the epitope(s) involved in antibody binding. LPS prepared from strain E69366, with hot phenol contained core-LPS that migrated to the water-phase and long-chain LPS that separated into the phenol-phase. A total of 36 strains of Cit. freundii were analysed for their LPS profiles by SDS-PAGE. Sixteen could be allocated into five groups (A(3), B(7), C(2), D(2) and E(2)) based on similarities in LPS profile. The remaining strains either expressed unique SDS-PAGE profiles (18) or did not express long-chain LPS (2). All strains with a profile 'A' reacted with the antiserum prepared to E. coli O157, whereas those with other profiles did not. The two strains of Cit. freundii expressing LPS profiles designated 'E' reacted with an antiserum prepared in rabbits to E. coli O45.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infections in Austria.

To determine the prevalence of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) serotype O157 associated diarrhea in the Austrian patient population, we surveyed all stool specimens of liquid consistency submitted to the Federal Public Health Laboratory (FPHL) in Innsbruck for 2 years for this organism. This laboratory serves a population of approximately 1 Million people. Of 5,265 stool specimens, 7 yielded O157 VTEC. Five isolates of E. coli O157 phage type 32, VT2 were cultured from specimens received during a three day period from residents in the county of Schwaz. During the investigation of this "outbreak" E. coli O157 strains were also isolated from two household contacts. Only 1 out of 8 persons with E. coli O157 diarrhea had bloody stools, although 5 of 7 tested specimens (= 71%) also yielded Campylobacter jejuni. None of our patients received antimicrobial therapy directed against E. coli O157 (one child had josamycin). There were no fatalities and no cases of hemolytic uremic syndrome (follow up period: 6 months). Consumption of hamburger, roast beef, and unpasteurized milk was not confirmed in this study. In Austria, no O157 VTEC strain was isolated till June 1992, although at the FPHL in Innsbruck stool specimens of liquid consistency were cultured for this organism since January 1991.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O 157 in the United Kingdom.

A total of 226 cultures of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O 157 isolated from humans was received by the PHLS Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens during the six month period January to June 1992. A record monthly total of 122 isolates was received in June. Ten phage types (PT) were identified during this period; PT 2 (45%) and PT 49 (21%) predominated. In addition, 27 human sera with antibodies to E. coli O 157 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were examined from other cases during this period, making a total of 253 cases of infection associated with E. coli O 157.

Bacterial Toxins↗
PubMed1992

Airborne infection of laying hens with Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4.

Hens were exposed to small-particle aerosols containing different concentrations of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4. They developed a systemic infection and some birds were still excreting the organism in the faeces when killed 28 days after infection. S enteritidis was present for a similar period in a wide range of alimentary tract issues and in the ovary and oviduct.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1992

Snowmobile-related deaths in Ontario: a 5-year review.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the demographic characteristics and circumstances surrounding fatal snowmobile accidents in Ontario, to examine the risk factors and to observe any fatality trends over the study period. DESIGN: Case series. PATIENTS: All 131 people who died accidentally while operating a snowmobile in Ontario from 1985-86 to 1989-90. Records were obtained from the chief coroner's office; registration data were obtained from the Ministry of Transportation. RESULTS: Although the absolute number of deaths increased each year, owing to a rapid increase in the number of registered snowmobiles, the risk of death from snowmobile accidents remained relatively constant. Deaths occurred most frequently in northeastern Ontario. Youths and men predominated among the victims. Fatal accidents occurred more often on lakes (in 66% of the cases in which this information was known) than on roads (in 26%) or trails (in 8%). Weekend fatalities predominated, and deaths occurred most often during times of suboptimal lighting (from 4 pm to 8 am). The driver was killed in 84% of the cases in which the person's role was known. Alcohol use before death was implicated in 69% of the cases, the level exceeding the Ontario legal limit in 59%. CONCLUSION: Snowmobile-related deaths result from factors that are generally avoidable. Strategies need to be instituted to reduce the rate of these events.

Accidents↗
PubMed1992

Widespread occurrence of multiple drug-resistant Salmonella typhi in India.

Sixteen multiple drug resistant strains of Salmonella typhi belonging to Vi-phage types E1 (14) and O (2) and isolated in Southeast India in 1991 were characterized. All strains were resistant to chloramphenicol and the majority to trimethoprim and ampicillin. In all strains these resistances were encoded by plasmids of the H1 incompatibility group with molecular weights ranging from 110 to 120 megadaltons. Physicians in European countries should be aware that treatment may fail if patients with typhoid fever who have recently returned from the Indian sub-continent are given first-line treatment with chloramphenicol, trimethoprim or ampicillin. With the possible exception of young children, ciprofloxacin is currently the best choice for treatment of such patients.

Ampicillin Resistance↗
PubMed1992

Plasmid profiles demonstrate that an upsurge in Salmonella berta in humans in England and Wales is associated with imported poultry meat.

Sixteen plasmid profile types have been identified in drug-sensitive isolates of Salmonella berta isolated from humans and human food in England and Wales in the ten-year period 1981-1990. Since 1988 six profile types of epidemiological importance have caused infections in widely-separated geographical areas and of these, four types have been identified in S. berta isolated from chicken carcasses imported from Denmark. The findings suggest that imported Danish poultry has substantially contributed to a recent upsurge of S. berta in humans in England and Wales.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Serological diagnosis of infection by Shigella dysenteriae-1 in patients with bacillary dysentery.

A total of 192 samples of serum from 113 Sri Lankan patients with clinical dysentery was examined for antibodies of the IgM class to the lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) of Shigella dysenteriae-1 and Escherichia coli O157:H7. By means of ELISA and immunoblotting, 59 patients were found to have serum antibodies to the LPS of S. dysenteriae-1 only. Four samples from one patient were found to contain serum antibodies to the LPSs of both S. dysenteriae-1 and E. coli O157:H7. Antibodies to the LPS of S. dysenteriae-1 were also detected in 16 samples from 25 children, from Sri Lanka, with no previous history of dysentery; one of these children also had antibodies to the LPS of E. coli O157:H7. Analysis of 16 samples from apparently healthy children in the U.K. showed that only one serum contained antibodies to the LPS of S. dysenteriae-1. This patient had a history of recent travel to Pakistan. The isolation of S. dysenteriae-1 remains the preferred test for the diagnosis of bacillary dysentery. The use of serology as a means of providing evidence of infection with S. dysenteriae-1, however may prove to be a useful adjunct to cultural techniques but needs to be validated in an area where this organism is endemic.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1992

Improved detection of infection by Escherichia coli O157 in patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome by means of IgA antibodies to lipopolysaccharide.

Samples of serum from 125 patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome, were screened for antibodies of the IgA and IgM classes to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli O157:H7. By means of the techniques of ELISA and immunoblotting, 48 samples were shown to contain antibodies of the IgM class to E. coli O157 LPS, while 42 samples contained IgA antibodies to this O-antigen. Thirteen patients produced IgM but not IgA antibodies to the LPS of E. coli O157:H7. Of 42 patients with IgA antibodies to the E. coli O157 LPS, seven did not produce antibodies of the IgM class. From this study, screening patients' serum for antibodies to E. coli O157 LPS of the IgA class, in addition to those of the IgM class, a total of 55 patients were shown to be seropositive. This constituted an increase is in the sensitivity of obtaining evidence of infection by this organism by 12%.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1992

The serological relationship between Escherichia coli O157 and Yersinia enterocolitica O9 using sera from patients with brucellosis.

Sera from ten patients with positive brucella serology were used to investigate antibody cross-reactions between the O-antigens of Escherichia coli O157 and Yersinia enterocolitica O9. SDS-PAGE profiles of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified from strains of E. coli O157 and Y. enterocolitica O9, were reacted with sera by immunoblotting. All ten sera contained antibodies which bound to the LPS of E. coli O157, and five of these sera also contained antibodies which bound to the LPS of Y. enterocolitica O9. Absorption studies using these five cross-reacting sera indicated the existence of at least three epitopes exposed on the O-antigens of E. coli O157 and Y. enterocolitica O9. One antigen binding site appeared to be exposed on the LPS of both organisms, while one epitope was exposed on the LPS of E. coli O157 only, and another on the LPS of Y. enterocolitica O9 only.

Absorption↗
PubMed1992

Serological responses of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella enteritidis PT4 by different routes.

Commercially reared chickens were challenged with Salmonella enteritidis phage-type (PT) 4 by aerosol, or via the conjunctiva. Inhalation of 2.9 x 10(2) or 4.2 x 10(3) S. enteritidis resulted in the production of IgG antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of S. enteritidis PT4. When the aerosol inoculum was increased to 2.4 x 10(5) bacteria per bird the antibody produced were predominantly of the IgM-class. Chickens challenged with 10(3) S. enteritidis PT4 via the conjunctiva mounted only a poor immune response. Increasing the challenge dose to 10(8) S. enteritidis resulted in the production of high-titre serum antibodies of both the IgG and IgM classes. Results from this study suggest that aerosols containing small numbers of S. enteritidis PT4 might be responsible for intraflock infection of poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

An outbreak of Salmonella dublin infection in England and Wales associated with a soft unpasteurized cows' milk cheese.

An outbreak of Salmonella dublin infection occurred in England and Wales in October to December 1989. Forty-two people were affected, mainly adults, and most lived in south-east England. Microbiological and epidemiological investigations implicated an imported Irish soft unpasteurized cows' milk cheese as the vehicle of infection. A case-control study showed a statistically significant association between infection and consumption of the suspect cheese (p = 0.001). Salmonella dublin was subsequently isolated from cheeses obtained from the manufacturer's premises. Initial control measures included the withdrawal of the cheese from retail sale and a Food Hazard Warning to Environmental Health Departments, as well as a press release, from the Department of Health. Subsequently, a decision was taken by the manufacturer to pasteurize milk used in the production of cheese for the UK market and importation of the cheese resumed in June 1990.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Properties of Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli of human origin of O serogroups other than O157.

The 48 Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) examined for properties associated with virulence were of human origin and represented 17 O serogroups other than O157 and O26. Only Vero cytotoxin production was common to all the strains. About 60% produced enterohemolysin and hybridized with the CVD419 probe derived from plasmid sequences of E. coli O157. Thirteen strains gave localized adherence (LA) to HEp-2 cells. All of these hybridized with the E. coli attaching and effacing (eae) gene probe and were positive in the fluorescence actin staining test, properties characteristic of strains that efface intestinal microvilli. A further 5 strains were eae probe-positive but did not give LA. None of the VTEC hybridized with a probe specific for the enteropathogenic E. coli adherence factor. Seven strains adhered to HEp-2 cells in a diffuse or aggregative pattern but did not hybridize with probes for these phenotypes. Non-O157 E. coli strains are diverse in their properties, although some may share virulence mechanisms with other diarrheogenic E. coli.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Salmonella bacteraemia in England and Wales, 1981-1990.

AIMS: To report the incidence of nontyphoidal salmonellas in England and Wales and identified in the Division of Enteric Pathogens, London between 1981 and 1990. METHODS: Strains were serotyped and phage typed for Salmonella typhimurium, S enteritidis, and S virchow, using established methods. RESULTS: Overall, less than 2% of nontyphoidal salmonellas isolated from humans were from blood culture. The highest numbers of bloodstream isolates were from infections caused by S enteritidis and S typhimurium, but the highest incidence of septicaemias was attributable to infections with S cholerae-suis, S dublin, and S virchow. 2.2% of S typhimurium isolates phage type 204C were from blood culture; likewise, 5.5% of S virchow phage type 19. This could be a cause for concern as most isolates of both these phage types are multiresistant to antimicrobial drugs. CONCLUSIONS: Salmonella septicaemia is rare in England and Wales in other than a few serotypes of limited epidemiological importance.

Bacteremia↗