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Biomedical subjects

B S Reinhart

Publications and source records attributed to B S Reinhart.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1983

Evaluation of artificial insemination techniques on fertility in laying hens.

The effects of depth of intravaginal insemination of two subsequent semen ejaculates from Rhode Island Red (RIR) and Light Sussex (LS) cockerels on fertility and embryonic mortality of eggs from RIR hens were investigated. Intravaginal insemination to a depth of 3.5 cm resulted in significantly higher fertility than shallow insemination to .5 cm (74.0 vs. 62.3%). Although not statistically significant, fertilizing capacity of first ejaculate of semen collected from either RIR or LS males was greater than the second ejaculate (71.4 vs. 64.9%).

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Hatching performance of Cryovac enclosed hatching eggs stored in a high humidity environment.

Two trials were performed to assess hatching success of enclosing White Leghorn hatching eggs in Cryovac for 3 to 4 weeks in a storage environment in excess of 90% relative humidity. Three treatments in each trial were carried out: trial 1, no Cryovac and Cryovac packing 1 and 4 days after lay; trial 2, Cryovac packing 1, 4, and 7 days after lay. No significant differences were detected for hatching performance between either non-Cryovac packed eggs or the time they were Cryovac packed after lay. As storage time increased from 22 to 28 days, the average hatch of fertile eggs for all treatments in both trials declined linearly (P less than .01) from 81.7 to 71.0%. This decline was mainly due to the linear increase (P less than .01) in early embryo mortality (1 to 7 days) from 11.0 to 21.0%.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

The effect of cooling rate before freezing and the temperature of the semen upon addition of DMSO on the fertilizing capacity of chicken semen stored at - 196 degrees C.

Semen was collected from Single Comb White Leghorn roosters, diluted 1:4 with Beltsville Poultry Semen Extender at 35 degrees C and cooled at various rates to 5 degrees C. DMSO was added to the semen between 10 and 120 min after ejaculation at temperatures between 15 and 5 degrees C, respectively. Following the addition of DMSO, the semen was allowed to equilibrate for 2 h in a 5 degrees C environment. The semen was then frozen at 1 degree C per min from 5 degrees C to - 20 degrees C, transferred into liquid nitrogen vapour for 4 to 10 min and then immersed in liquid nitrogen for 4 to 60 days. The thawed semen was inseminated on two consecutive days and fertility was calculated during 5 and 7 days commencing on the second day after the last insemination. In general, fertility was unaffected by the rate of cooling and the temperature at which the DMSO was added. In one trial, however, the fertilizing capacity was significantly greater if the DMSO was added within 45 min when the temperature of the semen was 15 degrees C. Approximately 42 to 71 p. 100 of eggs laid by hens during the 5 day period after the second insemination were fertile regardless of the method of cooling or the temperature of the semen when the DMSO was added. The motility of the ejaculates after thawing and before insemination varied between 15 and 55 p. 100 and this measure of physiological quality was a poor indicator of fertilizing capacity. Embryonic mortality was unaffected by the cooling and freezing procedure and hatchability of fertile eggs was not significantly different for the hens inseminated with either fresh or frozen semen.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

The effect of sodium pentobarbital on the preservation of fertilizing capacity of turkey spermatozoa.

The effect of sodium pentobarbital in modified glycine citrate extender on the preservation of fertilizing capacity of turkey spermatozoa was tested. Extended semen samples were stored for 6 or 24 hr at 4 C before insemination. Although there was an indication that the addition of 120 mg of sodium pentobarbital per 1 liter of extender was beneficial at 24 hr storage, the difference was not statistically significant.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Poult yolk sac amount and composition upon placement: effect of breeder age, egg weight, sex, and subsequent change with feeding or fasting.

Hatching eggs from 48 and 55-week-old Small White turkey breeders were used to examine the yolk sac of these poults. Influences due to flock age, egg weight, poult sex, and a two day postplacement regimen of feeding or fasting were evaluated in a factorially designed experiment. Each variable was found to act independent of the other. Older breeders gave eggs having a greater percentage yolk and with more ether extract than if they were from younger hens. For the most part, these fundamental differences remained with the poult's yolk sac at and after placement. Examining egg weight effects apart from hen age showed that heavier eggs had heavier yolks but their percentage of the total was to the converse and no compositional differences appeared. Poults from large eggs had a greater amount of yolk sac that contained proportionately less ether extract than if they were from small eggs. In total, yolk sac found ca. 12 h after poult removal from the hatcher corresponded to reserves that would remain ca. two days after formal hatching. The yolk sac free carcass failed to exhibit any compositional differences regardless of egg source or weight upon placement, but 48 hr later changes occurred that could largely be attributed to interim yolk resorption. Fasting delayed yolk sac uptake and favored removal of moisture and lipid to a greater extent than protein while the converse was true if access to feed and water was permitted. All parameters were unaltered because of poult sex.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1978

Hatching success and early performance of chicks from eggs sprayed with 2,4-D,2,4,5-T and picloram at various stages of embryonic development.

Aqueous solutions of 2,4-D, 2,4-5-T and picloram were sprayed on hens' eggs at 10x normal rate (11.2 kg/ha). Eggs used were stored prior to incubation over a 24 day period and application on each age egg occurred at the start as well as 4 and 18 days after the onset of embryonic development. No adverse effects on any parameter used to evaluate either incubation or subsequent live performance could be attributed to either spray treatment or embryonic age when applied. Although extended preincubation storage significantly reduced hatching success, it was independent of herbicide contact and germ stage when contaminated. Chicks derived from eggs stored 1--2 and 23--24 days before incubation performed comparably and were uninfluenced by all treatments during incubation.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1978

Influence of hen dietary calcium and phosphorus on the integrity of the egg shell as it would influence hatching success and the consequences of preincubation 2, 4, 5-T spraying with and without a high TCDD level.

Commercial strain laying hens were fed practical rations deficient in calcium and/or phosphorus to affect weak shelled eggs. Spraying these eggs prior to incubation with 2, 4, 5-T preparations having extremes in TCDD contamination at 10x recommendation was without effect on all parameters used to evaluate embryological development and subsequent early performance of resultant chicks. Analyses for 2, 4, 5-T residues indicated that the shell though weakened was unaffected as a barrier to herbicide contamination.

2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid↗
PubMed1978

The effect of sodium pentobarbital on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa.

The effect of three levels of sodium pentobarbital in modified glycine-citrate extender on the preservation of the fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa was tested. Extended semen samples were stored for 24 and 48 hr at 2 C before insemination. Insemination with semen stored for 24 hr in the extender containing 120 mg of sodium pentobarbital provided the best results (73.9%).

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Exencephaly in chicken-pheasant hybrids.

1. The incidence of exencephaly was investigated in chicken-pheasant hybrids. 2. With the pheasant as sire, fertility was 7-6%, but with the fowl it was 19-5%; hatchability of fertile eggs, however, was similar, 42% and 41% respectivley. 3. Only one exencephalic hybrid was obtained when the sire was the pheasant but 70 were noted when the fowl was sire. The incidence of this malformation in hatched chicks was 12 times more in crosses with the fowl as sire than in the reverse cross. 4. The frequency of exencephaly was greater with Rhode Island Red, Barred Leghorn or White Leghorn roosters than with Columbian Rock roosters.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Persistent right oviduct in ring-necked pheasant.

1. A right oviduct, approximately two-thirds the length of the left oviduct, and with a separate opening into the cloaca was observed in a female Ring-necked pheasant. 2. It is suggested that interference of the synthesis of Müllerian inhibiting factor from the gonads may have allowed its development.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The effect of caproic acid, handling technique and storage times on the fertility of fowl spermatozoa.

The effects of three levels of caproic acid in glycine-citrate extender on preservation of fertilizing capacity of fowl spermatozoa were tested. Extended semen stored for 6 and 28 hours was used for insemination in diluted or reconcentrated forms. The results indicated that semen stored in the extender with the highest concentration of caproic acid provided superior fertility and showed the importance of proper handling of hens during insemination.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 2. Binding of thyroid hormones by serum proteins.

Serum protein profiles were studied together with serum binding sites and capacity for L-thyroxine in dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn and White Rock breeds at ages 1 wk., 4 wks. and in laying hens. Serum protein profiles varied with breed, strain and age. The percent gamma-globulin fraction was greater (P less than .05) in dwarf 1 wk. old and laying hens of the White Leghorn breed when compared with the normals. The only difference found in the White Rock breed was a decreased level of albumin in dwarf laying hens. There were no significant differences in the capacity or sites of binding of L-thyroxine to serum proteins although greater amounts of L-thyroxine were bound to globulin fractions in the dwarf. The data were interpreted to suggest that changes in serum protein profiles may have been the result of hypothyroidism at the cellular level but there was no reason to suspect abnormal binding of thyroid hormones to be the cause of that hypothyroidism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 4. The influence of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by plasma and tissues.

The influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) or tetraiodothyronine (T4) on the incorporation of 3H-labelled methionine, alanine and lysine into plasma, liver and kidney was studied in 4 wk. old dwarf and non-dwarf female, White Leghorn chickens. The response to exogenous T3 or T4 of the birds was directly dependent on the dwarf status as well as the tissue and/or amino acid studied. In general, there was a decreased amino acid uptake by dwarfs and T3 and/or T4 depressed amino acid uptake in all combinations studied except for the uptake of lysine by the kidney of the dwarf. In that tissue, T4 administration caused a significant increase in lysine incorporation. The results found probably were due to different tissue amino compositions or rates of synthesis of proteins by dwarf birds when compared to normals and a differential sensitivity of dwarf birds to changed T3/T4 ratios.

Alanine↗
PubMed1975

Thyroid metabolism in the recessive sex-linked dwarf female chicken. 5. Effects of exogenous thyroid hormones on amino acid uptake by eggs.

The incorporation of L-methionine-3H(G) and L-lysine-4,5'3H(n) into egg albumen by dwarf and non-dwarf White Leghorn hens was studied together with the influence of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) on those incorporation patterns. The results were influenced by the amino acid studied and by the strain of bird. The maximum uptake of methionine was a day 1 for the normal and at day 4 for the dwarf which suggested that the dwarf was storing methionine in the tissue first before incorporation into albumen. If the birds were given T3 the maximum for the normal was at day 1 and day 3 for the dwarfs. When T4 was given the maximum uptake was found at day 5 for normals, and at day 2 for dwarfs. In the dwarf, T4 administration essentially corrected the decreased rate uptake of methionine but markedly retarded its uptake by the normal birds. The results for lysine were quite different. The maximum uptake was on day 4 in control, day 3 for T3-treated and day 1 for T4-treated, normal birds. In dwarf birds, the maximum was at day 2 for the control and T4-treated, and day 4 for T3-treated groups. The data were interpreted to suggest strain differences in amino acid uptake patterns due to different rates of synthesis or composition of egg albumen and marked differences in response or recptor sites to thyroid hormones.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1975

The lethal nature of "wiry" mutation in the domestic fowl.

A study of the effect of normal environmental conditions on newly hatched chicks with the feather mutant described as "wiry" (Fiser et al., 1973) was carried out. The results indicated that the abnormality should be classified as a potential facultative lethal expressed after hatching.

Animals↗