Biomedical subjects

B Sanchez-Nieto

Publications and source records attributed to B Sanchez-Nieto.

6 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2002

Potential improvements in the therapeutic ratio of prostate cancer irradiation: dose escalation of pathologically identified tumour nodules using intensity modulated radiotherapy.

The potential of intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to improve the therapeutic ratio in prostate cancer by dose escalation of intraprostatic tumour nodules (IPTNs) was investigated using a simultaneous integrated boost technique. The prostate and organs-at-risk were outlined on CT images from six prostate cancer patients. Positions of IPTNs were transferred onto the CT images from prostate maps derived from sequential large block sections of whole prostatectomy specimens. Inverse planned IMRT dose distributions were created to irradiate the prostate to 70 Gy and all the IPTNs to 90 Gy. A second plan was produced to escalate only the dominant IPTN (DIPTN) to 90 Gy, mimicking current imaging techniques. These plans were compared with homogeneous prostate irradiation to 70 Gy using dose-volume histograms, tumour control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) for the rectum. The mean dose to IPTNs was increased from 69.8 Gy to 89.1 Gy if all the IPTNs were dose escalated (p=0.0003). This corresponded to a mean increase in TCP of 8.7-31.2% depending on the alpha/beta ratio of prostate cancer (p<0.001), and a mean increase in rectal NTCP of 3.0% (p<0.001). If only the DIPTN was dose escalated, the TCP was increased by 6.4-27.5% (p<0.003) and the rectal NTCP was increased by 1.8% (p<0.01). In the dose escalated DIPTN IMRT plans, the highest rectal NTCP was seen in patients with IPTNs in the posterior peripheral zone close to the anterior rectal wall, and the lowest NTCP was seen with IPTNs in the lateral peripheral zone. The ratio of increased TCP to NTCP may represent an improvement in the therapeutic ratio, but was dependent on the position of the IPTN relative to the anterior rectal wall. Improvements in prostate imaging and prostate immobilization are required before clinical implementation would be possible. Clinical trials are required to confirm the clinical benefits of these improved dose distributions.

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PubMed2001

Correlations between dose-surface histograms and the incidence of long-term rectal bleeding following conformal or conventional radiotherapy treatment of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: In a randomized trial, the incidence of rectal bleeding among patients treated for prostate cancer using conformal radiotherapy was significantly lower (p = 0.002) than that among those treated conventionally. Here the relationship between rectal dose distributions and incidences of bleeding is assessed. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Rectal dose-surface histograms (DSHs) have been calculated for 79 trial patients. The relationship between the DSHs and incidences of Grade 1-3 bleeding has been explored using both semiempiric and biologic (parallel) model-based approaches. RESULTS: Semiempiric analysis of the trial data suggests that it is more useful to work with DSH fractional surface areas multiplied by outlined rectal lengths than with either raw DSH fractional areas or fractional areas multiplied by absolute total outlined rectal surface area. Fitting the parallel model to length-multiplied rectal DSHs and complication data reveals the existence of a significant volume effect, the rate of Grade 1-3 bleeding falling by 1.1% (95% confidence interval [0.04, 2.2]%) for each 1% decrease in the fraction of rectal wall (outlined over an 11-cm length) receiving a dose of more than 57 Gy. CONCLUSION: The existence of this volume effect suggests that dose escalation can be achieved using conformal techniques, although the extent to which doses may be safely escalated cannot be reliably estimated from the trial data.

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PubMed2001

Individualization of dose prescription based on normal-tissue dose-volume and radiosensitivity data.

PURPOSE: The aim of this paper is to illustrate the potential gain in tumor control probability (TCP) of prostate cancer patients by individualizing the prescription dose according to both normal-tissue (N-T) dose-volume and radiosensitivity data. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Two exercises have been carried out. Firstly, patients' dose prescriptions were individualised on the basis of N-T dose-volume histograms (DVHs) alone and secondly modeling potential differences in N-T sensitivity as well. In both cases, the change in tumor control that may be achieved by individualizing patients' dose was estimated assuming that after the dose adjustments, every patient had (1) the same value of normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) (5%) and (2) NTCP equal to the average NTCP before individualization (i.e., without increasing the average NTCP). The Lyman-Kutcher-Burman NTCP model was used to predict the N-T response curves with two different sets of parameters. The first exercise, based only on individual NT DVHs (i.e., assuming all patient equally radiosensitive), was over a real population of 50 prostate cancer patients. The second exercise modeled a 10,000-prostate-cancer patient population with varying NT dose-volume distributions and radiosensitivity (through allowing TD(50) to vary). RESULTS: A gain of more than 9% in TCP was predicted when doses were individualized based only on DVHs so that every patient had 5% NTCP after dose adjustments. By adding the estimate of radiosensitivity, the gain increased to more than 15%. When the individualisation was performed without increasing the mean NTCP, then the potential gain in TCP was almost 5% (for adjustment based on DVH distribution solely) increasing to 7% with the additional consideration of radiosensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: There is a potential gain (increase in local tumor control) from dose individualisation strategies based on both N-T dose-volume data and radiosensitivity (assuming that this is available). Dose prescription individualization based only on dose-volume data can be exploited provided that reliable N-T response models are available. There will be additional gains if some estimate of N-T radiosensitivity is available to allow further patient stratification, identification of patients with high radiosensitivity being particularly important.

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PubMed2000

BIOPLAN: software for the biological evaluation of. Radiotherapy treatment plans.

Distributions of absorbed dose do not provide information on the biological response of tissues (either tumor or organs at risk [OAR]) to irradiation. BIOPLAN (BiOlogical evaluation of PLANs) has been conceived and developed as a PC-based user-friendly software that allows the user to evaluate a treatment plan from the (more objective) point of view of the biological response of the irradiated tissues, and at the same time, provides flexibility in the use of models and parameters. It requires information on dose-volume histograms (DVHs) and can accept a number of different formats (including DVH files from commercial treatment planning systems). BIOPLAN provides a variety of tools, such as tumor control probability (TCP) calculations (using the Poisson model), normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) calculations (using either the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman or the relative seriality models), the ATCP method, DVH subtraction, plots of NTCP/TCP as a function of prescription dose, tumor and OAR dose statistics, equivalent uniform dose (EUD), individualized dose prescription, and parametric sensitivity analysis of the TCP/NTCP models employed.

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PubMed1999

The delta-TCP concept: a clinically useful measure of tumor control probability.

PURPOSE: The aim of this article is to provide a quantitative tool to evaluate the influence of the different dose regions in a non-uniformly irradiated tumour upon the probability of controlling that tumor. METHODS AND MATERIALS: First, a method to generate a distribution of the probability of controlling the cells in a voxel (VCP) is explored and found not to be useful. Second, we introduce the concept of delta-TCP, which represents the gain or loss in the overall TCP as a result of each particular bin in a DVH not receiving the prescribed dose (the same concept is applicable to dose cubes or to a fraction of the bin). The delta-TCP method presented here is based on the Poisson TCP model, but any other model could also be used. Third, using this tool, with parameters appropriate to Stage C prostate tumors, the consequences of "cold" and "hot" dose regions have been explored. RESULTS: We show that TCP is affected by the minimum dose, even if it is delivered to a very small volume (20% dose deficit to 5% of the volume makes the TCP decrease by 18%), and that a hot region may be "wasted" unless the boost is to the bulk of the volume. An example of the application of the delta-TCP concept to a prostate radiotherapy plan is also given. CONCLUSION: The delta-TCP distribution adds more objective information to the original DVH by enabling the clinician or planner to directly evaluate the effects of a non-uniform dose distribution on local control.

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PubMed1993

Backscatter correction algorithm for TBI treatment conditions.

The accuracy requirements in target dose delivery is, according to ICRU, +/- 5%. This is so not only in standard radiotherapy but also in total body irradiation (TBI). Physical dosimetry plays an important role in achieving this recommended level. The semi-infinite phantoms, customarily used for dosimetry purposes, give scatter conditions different to those of the finite thickness of the patient. So dose calculated in patient's points close to beam exit surface may be overestimated. It is then necessary to quantify the backscatter factor in order to decrease the uncertainty in this dose calculation. The backward scatter has been well studied at standard distances. The present work intends to evaluate the backscatter phenomenon under our particular TBI treatment conditions. As a consequence of this study, a semi-empirical expression has been derived to calculate (within 0.3% uncertainty) the backscatter factor. This factor depends lineally on the depth and exponentially on the underlying tissue. Differences found in the qualitative behavior with respect to standard distances are due to scatter in the bunker wall close to the measurement point.

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