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Biomedical subjects

B Sarkadi

Publications and source records attributed to B Sarkadi.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates the formation of polyphosphoinositides in the plasma membranes of different blood cells.

Plasma membrane preparations from lymphocytes, platelets and red cells were phosphorylated in the presence of [gamma-32 P]ATP. The dissociated catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase increased the 32P-labelling of proteins and polyphosphoinositides in lymphocyte, platelet and in some red cell membranes. In the majority of red cell membrane preparations the 32P-labelling of proteins and polyphosphoinositides seemed to be stimulated by the catalytic subunit of the endogenous protein kinase, since the phosphorylation was not increased by the addition of the catalytic subunit but it was decreased by the heat-stable inhibitor protein of the protein kinase. Different sets of 32P-labelled proteins were shown by SDS-gel electrophoresis in the membranes of the 3 cell types. A 24000-Mr protein was the only one which was phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit in each membrane.

Blood Platelets↗

Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase stimulates the formation of polyphosphoinositides in lymphocyte plasma membrane.

Inside-out vesicles from lymphocyte plasma membrane were phosphorylated in the presence of [gamma -32P]ATP. The dissociated catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase stimulated both membrane protein and membrane lipid phosphorylation, indicating the presence of a phosphorylation cascade. The phosphorylated membrane lipids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Increase of 32P-labelling stimulated by the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase was found exclusively in polyphosphoinositides.

Catalysis↗

Induction of 86Rb fluxes by Ca2+ and volume changes in thymocytes and their isolated membranes.

Cell swelling and elevated intracellular Ca2+ increase K+ permeability in lymphocytes. Experiments were performed to test whether these effects can also be elicited in isolated plasma membrane vesicles. Rabbit thymocytes, used as a source of membrane vesicles, were found to regain their volume after swelling in hypotonic, low-K+ media. This regulatory volume decrease (RVD) was inhibited by quinine and trifluoperazine, but not affected by ouabain. Both efflux and uptake of K+ (86Rb) were stimulated by hypotonicity. Addition of A23187 plus Ca2+ also increased 86Rb fluxes. Ca2+- and volume-induced 86Rb fluxes were also studied in isolated membranes. A plasma membrane-rich vesicle fraction, enriched over 11-fold in 5'-nucleotidase, was isolated from thymocytes. The vesicles were about 35% inside-out and trapped 86Rb in an osmotically active compartment of approximately 1.3 microliter/mg protein. Equilibrium exchange fluxes of 86Rb in the vesicles were unaffected by Ca2+ with or without A23187. Calmodulin had no effect on 86Rb permeability but stimulated ATP-dependent Ca2+ accumulation. Hypotonic swelling increased both uptake and efflux of 86Rb from vesicles. However, this increase was not blocked by either quinine or trifluoperazine, was not specific for K+ (86Rb), and is probably unrelated to RVD. It is concluded that components essential for the volume- and Ca2+-induced changes in K+ permeability are lost or inactivated during membrane isolation. An intact cytoarchitecture may be required for RVD.

Animals↗

The effect of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase on the formation of polyphosphoinositides in erythrocyte membranes.

Inside-out vesicles from erythrocyte membrane were phosphorylated in the presence of gamma-32P-ATP. The dissociated catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase increased the 32P-labelling of membrane proteins and polyphosphoinositides in some red blood cell membrane preparations [RBC membrane, type I] while in the majority of membrane preparations the effect of the exogeneous catalytic subunit was insignificant [RBC membrane, type II]. The phosphorylation of type II RBC membrane preparations seemed to be stimulated by the catalytic subunit of endogeneous protein kinase, since the 32P-incorporation into polyphosphoinositides and proteins was decreased by the specific heat stable inhibitor protein of the protein kinase.

Erythrocyte Membrane↗

Effects of divalent metal ions on the calcium pump and membrane phosphorylation in human red cells.

In inside-out red cell membrane vesicles ATP-dependent calcium transport is activated by the divalent metal ions Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Fe2+. This activation is based on the formation of Me2+ -ATP complexes which can serve as energy-donor substrates for the calcium pump, and probably, satisfy the requirement for free Me2+ in this transport process. Higher Me2+ concentrations inhibit calcium transport with various efficiencies. Mn2+ directly competes with Ca2+ at the transport site, while other divalent metal ions investigated have no such effect. The formation of the hydroxylamine-sensitive phosphorylated intermediate (EP) of the red cell membrane calcium pump from [gamma-32P]ATP is induced by Ca2+ while rapid dephosphorylation requires the presence of Mg2+. At higher concentrations Mn2+ and Ni2+ inhibit predominantly the formation of EP, while Co2+ and Fe2+ block dephosphorylation. The possible sites and nature of the divalent metal interactions with the red cell calcium pump are discussed. Hydroxylamine-insensitive membrane phosphorylation in inside-out vesicles from [gamma-32P]ATP is significantly stimulated by Mn2+ and Co2+, as compared to that produced by Mg2+, Fe2+ and Ni2+. Part of this labelling is found in phospholipids, especially in phosphatidylinositol. The results presented for the metal dependency of protein and lipid phosphorylation in red cell membranes may help in the characterization of ATP consumptions directly related to the calcium pump and those involved in various regulatory processes.

Biological Transport, Active↗

On the substrate specificity of the red cell calcium pump.

ATP-dependent active calcium transport in inside-out human red cell membrane vesicles is stimulated by magnesium essentially parallel with an increase in MgATP concentration. At a constant, low (1 microM) calcium concentration, increasing ATP and magnesium increase the maximum calcium transport rate irrespective of the constant or decreasing concentrations of CaATP present. KCa for calcium pumping is practically unchanged at variable ATP and magnesium concentrations. Free magnesium above 1-2 mM inhibits active calcium transport, probably through a direct interaction with the transport enzyme. Based on the experimental findings reported we suggest that the true, physiological substrate of the red cell calcium pump is MgATP.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

Active calcium transport and calcium-dependent membrane phosphorylation in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

The characteristics of the calcium pump were investigated in intact human peripheral blood lymphocytes /PBL/ and in inside-out vesicles prepared from their plasma membranes. Intact PBL were loaded with calcium by a short exposure to A23187 ionophore. After the elimination of the ionophore, calcium-loaded PBL produced an ATP-dependent, external lanthanum sensitive, uphill calcium extrusion. Calcium pump in intact PBL was insensitive to ouabain and /until cellular ATP was provided/ to oligomycin and dinitrophenol. Maximum calcium extrusion rate and the alkali cation sensitivity of the process were similar to those in human red cells. Calcium was partially sequestered by PBL, and this calcium could be released by A23187 ionophore only. Inside-out plasma membrane vesicles prepared from hypotonically lysed PBL showed an ATP + Mg2+-dependent uphill calcium uptake. This calcium transport was insensitive to ouabain, oligomycin, or dinitrophenol, while blocked by lanthanum and quercetin. Calmodulin significantly stimulated calcium pumping in EDTA-washed vesicles. ATP-dependent and -independent calcium uptake rates, respectively, showed different calcium concentration dependences. When PBL membrane vesicles were phosphorylated by gamma 32P-ATP, a calcium-induced, hydroxylamine-sensitive incorporation of 32P was found in 120-150 000 molecular weight proteins. Depending on the way of membrane preparation, the molecular weight of the phosphoprotein was shifted. Similarly to that found in red cell membranes, sensitivity to calmodulin stimulation and partial proteolysis of the calcium pump molecule showed an inverse relationship.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

Ca-transport and CaMg-ATPase activity in human red cell preparations.

In intact red cells a CaMg-ATPase activity commensurable with that of the Ca-pump exists consisting mainly of protein kinase-protein phosphatase enzymes. The Ca:ATP stoichiometry of the Ca-pump is most probably 2:1, the deviation from this value at low [Ca] in inside-out-vesicles is possibly an artifact. Ca-affinity of the Ca-pump is low in intact red cells, where both calmodulin and calmodulin binding protein are present, and the cAMP-dependent activatory mechanism found in many other cells is inactive. Ca-affinity, however, can be enhanced by A23187, by Ca-EGTA buffers at the internal membrane surface (eliminating some structural divalent cations?), by enrichment in calmodulin and loss in calmodulin binding protein and by mild proteolytic effects on the inner surface of the membrane. Mild trypsin treatment of the external surface of the membrane increases the hydrolysis rate, but not the Ca-affinity of the Ca-pump and other CaMg-ATPases, increases membrane protein phosphorylation and protects against echinocytic shape transformation. All these findings reflect the interrelatedness of several membrane components influencing the rate and/or Ca-affinity of CaMg-ATPases.

Biological Transport, Active↗

Calcium and calmodulin in the regulation of blood cell functions (a mini-review).

A great deal of cellular functions are regulated by changes in intracellular calcium concentration. Calmodulin, a low molecular weight cytoplasmic protein is basically involved in this regulation through a calcium-dependent interaction with various enzyme systems. The review discusses the chemical and physiological basis of calcium and calmodulin actions in the cell interior. Describes calcium-regulation of various functions in red cells, platelets and leukocytes.

Biological Transport↗

Characteristics and regulation of active calcium transport in inside-out red cell membrane vesicles.

Sealed, inside-out human red cell membrane vesicles, prepared by a modified method of Steck (Steck T.L. (1974) in Methods in Membrane Biology (Korn, E.D., ed.), Vol 2, pp. 245-281, Plenum Press, New York), accomplish an ATP and Mg2+-dependent uphill calcium uptake with a reproducible maximum rate of 12-15 nmol/mg vesicle protein per min under physiological conditions. This maximum rate is increased by about 60-70% in the presence of a heat-stable cytoplasmic activator protein (calmodulin) obtained from red cells. Calcium efflux from inside-out vesicles is smaller than 0.01 nmol/mg vesicle protein per min at intravesicular calcium concentrations between 0.1 and 20.0 mM. In the presence of Mg2+, active calcium uptake is supported by ATP, ITP, or UTP, but not by ADP, AMP, or p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The optimum pH for the process is 7.4-7.6, and the activation energy is 19-20 kcal/mol, irrespective of the presence or absence of calmodulin. Calcium uptake in inside-out vesicles is unaffected by ouabain or oligomycin, but blocked by low concentrations of lanthanum, ruthenium red, quercetin and phloretin. K+ and Na+, when compared to choline+ or Li+, significantly increase active calcium uptake. This stimulation by K+ and Na+ is independent of that by calmodulin. Concentrated red cell cytoplasm activates calcium uptake at low soluble protein:membrane protein ratios, while a 'deactivation' of the transport occurs at high cytoplasm:membrane protein ratios. A heat-labile cytoplasmic protein fraction antagonizing calmodulin activation, can be separated by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography. Based on these findings the regulation of active calcium transport in human red cells is discussed.

Biological Transport, Active↗

Effects of calcium-EGTA buffers on active calcium transport in inside-out red cell membrane vesicles.

In inside-out red cell membrane vesicles, the free calcium concentration half-maximally stimulating active calcium uptake is about 2 orders of magnitude smaller in a calcium-EGTA buffer than in media containing unbuffered calcium. In calcium-EGTA buffer, the maximum rate of calcium uptake is determined by the total calcium concentration present. A possible model for explaining these findings is presented.

Biological Transport, Active↗

Phosphorylation of the Ca2+ pump intermediate in intact red cells, isolated membranes and inside-out vesicles.

Ca2+-entry into intact red cells containing [32P]-ATP increases the phosphorylation of the 150 000 dalton polypeptide of the membrane. This phosphorylation occurs even in Mg2+-depleted red cells. Extracellular lanthanum applied during ATP-depletion further increases the Ca2+-induced phosphorylation. In fragmented membranes or resealed insideout vesicles (IOVs) membrane bound Mg2+ is sufficient to catalyze the phosphorylation of spectrin 2 and Band 3 polypeptides with low concentrations (less than micron of [32P]-ATP. In Ca-EDTA buffers one single polypeptide is phosphorylated which is located in the 150 000 molecular weight region. KmCa for phosphorylation is much lower (0.2 micron) than for active Ca2+ transport (40 micron) in IOVs. Lanthanum induced phosphorylation (up to 250 micron Lafree) is significantly greater than Ca2+-induced phosphorylation. Hg2+ inhibits both Ca2+ and La3+ induced phosphorylation. Ca2+-induced labelling can be rapidly "chased" by unlabelled ATP+Mg2+, but not with EGTA+Mg2+. Dephosphorylation in Ca2+ phosphorylated membranes and IOVs is significantly inhibited by La3+. It can be concluded that the mechanism of La3+ and Hg2+ inhibition of the Ca2+ pump is different in intact cells and isolated membranes or Iovs.

Biological Transport, Active↗

Effects of lanthanum on calcium-dependent phenomena in human red cells.

Lanthanum (0.25 mM) does not penetrate into fresh or Mg2+-depleted cells, whereas it does into ATP-depleted or ATP + 2,3-diphosphoglycerate-depleted cells, into cells containing more than 3 mM calcium, or cells stored for more than 4 weeks in acid/citrate/dextrose solution. In fresh cells loaded with calcium, extracellular lanthanum blocks the active Ca2+-efflux completely and inhibits (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity to about 50%. In Mg2+-depleted cells Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange is inhibited by lanthanum. Ca2+-leak is unaffected by lanthanum up to 0.25 mM concentration; higher lanthanum concentrations reduce leak rate. In NaCl medium Ca2+-leak +/ S.D. amounts to 0.28 +/ 0.08 mumol/1 of cells per min, whereas in KC1 medium to 0.15 +/ 0.04 mumol/1 of cells per min at 2.5 mM [Ca2+]e and 0.25 mM [La3+]e pH 7.1. Lanthanum inhibits Ca2+-dependent rapid K+ transport in ATP-depleted and propranolol-treated red cells, i.e. whenever intracellular calcium is below a critical level. The inhibition of the rapid K+ transport can be attributed to protein-lanthanum interactions on the cell surface, since lanthanum is effectively detached from the membrane lipids by propranolol. Lanthanum at 0.2--0.25 mM concentration has no direct effect on the morphology of red cells. The shape regeneration of Ca2+-loaded cells, however, is blocked by lanthanum owing to Ca2+-pump inhibition. Using lanthanum the transition in cell shape can be quantitatively correlated to intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.

Biological Transport, Active↗