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Biomedical subjects

B Schreiner

Publications and source records attributed to B Schreiner.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

[Blocking adhesion molecules with natalizumab in multiple sclerosis].

Natalizumab is a humanized, monoclonal antibody, that inhibits adhesion molecules (alpha(4)-integrins) on the surface of immune cells. These adhesion molecules are important for binding of lymphocytes to endothelial cells of blood vessels and infiltration of inflammatory cells into tissues. Natalizumab is currently being tested in large clinical trials for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis). After demonstrating the safety and potential effectiveness of natalizumab in MS therapy during shorter treatment periods (</=6 months) in clinical phase I and II studies, two ongoing large, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III trials (named AFFIRM and SENTINEL) are evaluating its efficacy for patients with relapsing-remitting MS in respect to primary clinical endpoints (relapse rate, disease progression). Based a 1-year interim analysis of these studies, natalizumab was recently authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment in reducing the frequency of clinical surges in multiple sclerosis, and an application was also made for its use in Europe. After more than 2 years of combined natalizumab (Tysabri) and interferon beta-1a (Avonex) therapy in the so-called Sentinel Study, there was one unexpected death and one appearance of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. As a result, in February 2005 the manufacturers (Biogen/Elan) stopped all running studies of natalizumab and removed the drug from the market. New studies are underway to gain more understanding and especially to determine the risk to patients treated in the Sentinel Study. This article summarizes and updates the results of previous and ongoing natalizumab trials in the context of MS.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2002

The sex determination in Ellobius lutescens remains bizarre.

Mammalian sex determination and gonad differentiation are the result of a complex interaction of fine-tuned spatial and temporal gene expression with threshold levels of individual genes. The male pathway is initiated by SRY. Some exceptional mammals determine male sex without the SRY gene and even without a Y chromosome. Ellobius lutescens in this report is one example of this "weird" species. We provide key data on the genomic level that there are no coarse differences in the genomes of male and female animals by comparative genomic hybridization. On the gene level we studied the gene Nr5a1 for the orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor SF-1, a central constituent for gonad differentiation and adrenal gland development. The Ellobius lutescens Nr5a1 gene was mapped to the proximal short arm of chromosome 2 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. In addition, we provide evidence by linkage analysis in two E. lutescens pedigrees that Nr5a1 is not the key male sex-determining gene in Ellobius lutescens.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Mechanisms of Staphylococcus aureus induced apoptosis of human endothelial cells.

Staphylococcus aureus plays an important role in sepsis, pneumonia and wound infections. Here, we demonstrate that infection with several S. aureus strains results in apoptosis of human endothelial cells. S. aureus induced an activation of cellular caspases, the acid sphingomyelinase, a release of cytochrome c and a stimulation of Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). The significance of these findings is indicated by a prevention of S. aureus triggered apoptosis of human cells deficient for ASM or upon genetic or pharmacological inhibition of JNK or caspases, respectively.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2001

Mini-dose glucagon rescue for hypoglycemia in children with type 1 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: Children with type 1 diabetes are frequently difficult to manage during times of gastroenteritis or poor oral intake of carbohydrates because of mild or impending hypoglycemia. The present study describes the effective use of small doses of subcutaneous glucagon in these children. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We analyzed 33 episodes of impending or mild hypoglycemia in 28 children (ages 6.6 +/- 0.7 years). All were healthy except for type 1 diabetes and an episode of gastroenteritis. Using a standard U-100 insulin syringe, children ages < or = 2 years received two "units" (20 microg) of glucagon subcutaneously and those ages >2 years received one unit/year of age up to 15 units (150 microg). If the blood glucose did not increase within 30 min, the initial dosage was doubled and given at that time. We used patients' self-glucose monitoring devices, aqueous glucagon, standard insulin syringes, and frequent phone contact with a physician and/or a diabetes nurse educator in this study. RESULTS: Blood glucose was 3.44 +/- 0.15 mmol/l before and 8.11 +/- 0.72 mmol/l 30 min after glucagon. In 14 children, relative hypoglycemia recurred, requiring retreatment (3.48 +/- 0.18 to 6.94 +/- 0.72 mmol/l). In four children, a third dose was required. The glucagon was well tolerated In 28 of the 33 episodes of impending hypoglycemia, the children remained at home and fully recovered. Five children were taken to their local hospital because of concerns of dehydration or fever, but none for hypoglycemia. CONCLUSIONS: Mini-dose glucagon rescue, using subcutaneous injections, is effective in managing children with type 1 diabetes during episodes of impending hypoglycemia due to gastroenteritis or poor oral intake of carbohydrate.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Feminization as a critical component of the changing hydrosocial contract.

The Dublin Principles recognize the role that women play in water resources management. The South African Minister of Water Affairs, Prof. Kader Asmal, coined a new expression by referring to the "feminization of water". The article explores some of the ramifications of this and shows that the two aspects are not necessarily the same thing. Feminization does not necessarily mean bringing more women into management processes as it is often depicted. This is the quantitative aspect that is often referred to by male managers and it has been given a negative implication as a result. The more important issue is the qualitative aspect that involves processes such as stakeholder participation, viewing alternatives before a decision is made and accountability.

Female↗
PubMed2000

Spectral karyotyping of mouse cell line WMP2.

We have evaluated the mouse cell line WMP2 using both GTG-banding analysis and spectral karyotyping to verify the reliability of using this established cell line derived from WMP/WMP mice. The WMP cell lines contain easily identifiable metacentric fusion chromosomes and are used extensively for gene mapping. Because of karyotypical changes in the WMP1 cell line, WMP2 was examined. Our results demonstrate that WMP2 is stable during culture, and the karyotype is simple and easy to use. Based on the findings discussed in this paper, we recommend the use of the WMP2 cell line for future prospective gene mapping in the mouse.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nutrition in pediatric primary care: assessment and common problems.

As health promotion and disease prevention gain prominence, nutritional assessment and intervention become important tools for the NP. The nutritional needs of the growing child and adolescent are explored, with a discussion about common nutritional deficits seen in the pediatric population.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

[Ogilvie syndrome as a complication following extensive total abdominal hysterectomy].

Acute pseudoobstruction of the colon (Ogilvie syndrome) is a rare entity observed postoperatively or in association with various medical conditions. Appropriate therapy avoids the life-threatening complication of cecal perforation with its attendant high mortality rate of over 40%. Today colonoscopic decompression is the treatment of choice.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Thrombolytic therapy and balloon dilatation. The effect on infarct time, reperfusion and reocclusion].

127 patients, admitted within six hours of onset of symptoms of acute transmural myocardial infarction, received at first 250 000 U streptokinase intravenously over 20 min, followed by an intracoronary infusion of 250 000 U after coronary angiographic demonstration of the infarct vessel. Those in whom the infarct vessel was closed were randomized into two groups. An attempt at recanalization was made either by thrombolysis alone, through a specially developed 3F catheter (group I, 64 patients), or by thrombolysis and dilatation with 4F Grüntzig balloon catheter (group II, 63 patients). There was no significant difference between the two groups with regard to sex, age, infarct site, creatine-kinase level and interval between onset of symptoms and treatment. Re-perfusion rate for group I was 92% (59 patients), for group II 89% (56 patients). Re-occlusion during the hospital stay occurred in 10 of 59 patients in group I, in 9 of 55 in group II. Re-occlusion occurred in only 8% (3 patients) after successful dilatation, but in 35% (6 patients) after failed dilatation. In the subsequent six months further occlusions were observed in seven group I and two group II patients. Combined drug-mechanical recanalization thus increased the re-perfusion rate, shortened the infarction time and made possible full revascularization by subsequent dilatation which led to a reduction in the re-occlusion rate.

Aged↗
PubMed1981

Coexisting idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and coronary artery disease. Clinical implication and operative management.

Patients with either coronary artery disease (CAD) or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) may have angina as a dominant symptom. It is also possible that these two diseases may coexist in the same patient. Such an association has been reported in 25% of patients with IHSS who are over 45 years of age. It is important that both entities be looked for in the evaluation of the patient with angina, particularly when operative management is contemplated. Treatment of one and not the other may leave the patient symptomatic. We have encountered three patients with both CAD and severe IHSS and have managed each with septal myectomy and coronary artery revascularization. Each has obtained significant symptomatic improvement.

Aged↗
PubMed1980

Vasography in rats.

Vasovasostomy was performed in 20 rats. Vasography then was used to determine the patency of the vas. The scrotum was entered through a longitudinal incision and the scrotal contents were extruded extravaginally. The vas was divided near the epididymis and a 0.4/0.7-mm cannula was inserted into the abdominal end of the vas and contrast medium was injected under fluoroscopic control. The results were documented by radiography. It is concluded that vasography is a reliable method for assessing the success of vasovasostomy in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Iron excretion from the goblet cells of the small intestine in man. An additional regulatory mechanism in iron homeostasis?

Iron-excreting goblet cells were observed by chance in a patient with myelogenic leukaemia. Duodenal and jejunal biopsies from patients with a wide spectrum of disorders have therefore been examined retrospectively after staining with Perl's iron method. Thirty-seven of the patients had iron-excreting goblet cells. The presence of iron has been confirmed by X-ray microanalysis and by electron microscopic histochemistry. In addition to iron-excreting goblet cells, most of these patients had iron-containing macrophages in lamina propria. This may indicate that the two types of cells co-operate in the excretion process. It is suggested that iron excretion may be part of the common iron balance mechanism.

Gastrointestinal Diseases↗
PubMed1979

Influence of cholesterol/fat feeding on cholesterol esterification and morphological structures in intestinal mucosa from guinea pigs.

Guinea pigs were fed a semisynthetic diet containing 10% (by weight) cottonseed oil and 1% cholesterol. In response to cholesterol/fat feeding there was an increase in both the unesterified cholesterol (UC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) of the intestinal mucosal cell. Along with the increased cholesterol levels there was a 4-fold increase in the microsomal acylCoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity after only two days of cholesterol/fat feeding. After 6 days on the experimental diet the ACAT activity was up to 8-fold the activity of the control, and then remained at this level for up to 20 days. The increased ACAT activity was probably not due to increased substrate concentration alone, since the fractional esterification of cholesterol also increased when the cholesterol/fat containing diet was given. There was also an increase in the triglyceride content of the intestinal mucosal cells from guinea pigs on the experimental diet. The mucosal cells of the cholesterol/fat fed animals accumulated varying amounts of lipid droplets, which were without an enveloping membrane, suggesting that the uptake of lipids from the intestinal lumen was higher than the capacity to synthesize and/or secrete lipoproteins. Simultaneously the size and amount of secondary lysosomes increased. A considerable increase in lipid droplets, lipolysosomes, and residual bodies was observed in the lamina propria macrophages while no crystalline clefts were seen.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Influence of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine on morphology, synthesis of triglyceride and protein and their secretion in rat hepatocytes.

The influence of 4-aminopyrazolopyrimidine (4-APP) on morphology and on synthesis and secretion ability of isolated rat hepatocytes was investigated: 4-APP was found to inhibit both the synthesis and secretion of proteins. The synthesis of triglycerides was unaffected by 4-APP, while the secretion of triglycerides was markedly reduced. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that 4-APP induced morphological changes in the smooth membrane systems, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. The possibility that 4-APP inhibits lipoprotein formation by inhibition of the apoprotein synthesis is discussed.

Animals↗