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Biomedical subjects

B Shaw

Publications and source records attributed to B Shaw.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1975

Direct inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion by growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone in cats.

Growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone (G.H.-R.I.H.) inhibited gastric acid and pepsin secretion in response to pentagastrin and food stimulation in cats. This effect is mediated by a direct action on the parietal and peptic cells. No evidence of a post-inhibitory acid or pepsin secretory rebound was obtained. Thus a compound of hypothalamic origin can exert a direct effect on exocrine secretion. In view of its widespread actions and its presence in relatively high concentrations in various organs apart from the hypothalamus, G.H.-R.I.H. might also be regarded as a factor responsible for local coordination of endocrine and exocrine secretion.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1975

Variation in the proportions of individual pepsins secreted by the cat in response to vagal stimulation and hypoglycaemia.

1. Gastric juice was collected at regular intervals during electrical stimulation of the vagus in anaesthetized cats and during insulin hypoglycaemia in both anaesthetized and conscious cats. The total amounts of acid and pepsin secreted were similar in the three groups. 2. Pepsins were examined by agar-gel electrophoresis. Resting juice contained two pepsins, and up to nine pepsins could be detected after stimulation. Three patterns of pepsin secretion were found. 3. The most noticeable feature was the variation in the proportion of total pepsin attributable to the pepsin which migrated most rapidly during electrophoresis (pepsin 1). In response to insulin hypoglycaemia, anaesthetized cats secreted only a small proportion of total pepsin 1 and conscious cats secreted a large proportion as pepsin 1. During direct electrical stimulation of the vagus, the proportion of pepsin 1 rose. 4. The possibility of a dependence of pepsin 1 secretion on vagal stimulation is discussed and the relevance of this to peptic ulcer and to vagotomy is considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The dynamics of diquat in a model eco-system.

Muskelung (Esox-masquinongy chiensis) fry were used in a 96 hour toxicity study with diquat and simazine. Although the death of sufficient control fish invalidated the test as a whole, some interesting observations were made. At the end of 48 hours 4 out of 10 fish had died in the control tank and 8 had died in the simazine tank while all 10 diquat-treated fish appeared healthy. Two model eco-systems with components from Chautauqua Lake, N.Y. were constructed in 20 gallon glass aquaria to trace the movement of 14C labeled diquat. After activity had reached near background levels in the water from the test tank, fish, plants, sediments and snails were counted in a liquid scintillation counter to discover the fate of diquat within the system. The concentration of diquat was found to be highest in sediments, followed by fish tissue, snail parts, with plants having the lowest measured concentration.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

The effect of sympathetic nerve stimulation on serum gastrin, gastric acid secretion and mucosal blood flow responses to meat extract stimulation in anaesthetized cats.

Chloralose anaesthetized cats were prepared with fundic and antral pouches. Fundic mucosal blood flow was measured by the amidopyrine technique and serum gastrin was measured by radioimmunoassay. 2. Meat extract suspension in the pyloric antrum produced a highly significant sixfold increase in arterial serum gastrin concentration (P less than 0-001). 3. The mean ratio of the fundic mucosal blood flow to acid secretory responses (deltaMBF/deltaH+ ratio) of 0-142 +/- 0-026 (25) ml./muequiv H+, is very similar to the values previously published for exogenous gastrin stimulation. 4. Splanchnic nerve stimulation, during responses to meat extract stimulation, produced significant reductions in gastric acid secretion (P less than 0-025), fundic mucosal blood flow (P less than 0-02), Arterial serum gastrin concentration (P less than 0-01) And gastrin delivered to the mucosa (P less than 0-001). 5. In the 30 min period following the end of splanchnic nerve stimulation only arterial serum gastrin concentration remained significantly reduced.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary care for women. Comprehensive assessment of gastrointestinal disorders.

This article summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal system, reviews physiologic changes that occur with normal development, and discusses considerations for the primary care provider in gathering health history information and conducting the physical exam. The use of diagnostic testing during the evaluation of women with gastrointestinal complaints is reviewed. A case study is used to illustrate an integrated approach to diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal disorders of women in the primary care setting.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary care for women. Management and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

This article outlines the clinical management of common gastrointestinal disorders encountered in the primary care setting. The general assessment of a woman presenting with a gastrointestinal concern is reviewed. Diagnosis and management of acute and chronic diarrhea, constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and anorectal disorders are covered with emphasis on client education. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease is discussed with the latest treatment recommendations for Helicobacter pylori infection outlined. Diagnosis of gallbladder disease and gallstones with alternative treatment options is reviewed. Finally, the diagnosis and management of viral hepatitis is outlined. A case study is given to illustrate the basic principles needed by the nurse-midwife in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of a woman with a gastrointestinal concern.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Structure-activity studies with cholecystokinin on gastric secretion in the cat.

The influence of the position of the sulphate group in CCK on its gastric acid and pepsin stimulating activities was investigated in conscious cats with gastric fistulae. In Boc-CCK7, substitution of tyrosine-SO3H by epsilon-hydroxynorleucine-SO3H, an aliphatic amino acid approximating the length of tyrosine, enhanced acid secretory potency, whilst similar substitution by serine-SO3H reduced potency, possibly due to the serine residue holding the sulphate group closer to the peptide backbone. Desulphation of Ser-CCK6 reduced acid secretory potency indicating that the known loss of potency upon desulphation of CCK-like peptides is not wholly dependent upon the presence of tyrosine residue in position 7. Sulphated CCK-like peptides are partial agonists of pepsin secretion, and desulphation confers full agonist activity. Analogues of CCK with serine or epsilon-hydroxynorleucine substituting for tyrosine, whether sulphated or not, showed full agonist activity in stimulating pepsin secretion. These data suggest the presence of the aromatic tyrosine residue, as well as sulphation, to be a necessary prerequisite for pepsin partial agonist activity in CCK-like peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cyclic hexa- and pentapeptide somatostatin analogues with reduced gastric inhibitory activity.

The gastric inhibitory activity of cyclic hexa- and pentapeptide analogues of somatostatin was investigated in conscious cats with gastric fistulae. Gastric acid and pepsin secretions were stimulated by pentagastrin. Cyclo(Phe-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe) showed no inhibition of acid secretion at molar doses up to 50-times the ID50 for somatostatin. This peptide inhibited pepsin secretion at the highest dose (50 micrograms kg-1 hr-1), and its potency is approximately 0.005 compared with somatostatin (1.0). Cyclo(Pro-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr-Phe) inhibited acid (approximately 50%) and pepsin (approximately 85%) secretions, but the inhibition was not dose-related being similar with doses of 10 to 50 micrograms kg-1 hr-1. The cyclic pentapeptide, cyclo(7-aminoheptanoyl-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr), was inactive in the dose range studied, with a potency less than 0.01. Cyclo[7-aminoheptanoyl-Phe-D-Trp-Lys-Thr(Bzl)] has been described as a somatostatin antagonist with respect to inhibition of growth hormone, insulin and glucagon release in rats [2]. Up to 60-fold molar excesses of this peptide failed to antagonise the inhibitory activity of somatostatin in the stomach. The results demonstrate that residues outside the central 6-11 region of somatostatin are very important for its gastric activity. The lack of gastric antagonistic activity of the pentapeptide antagonist indicates that these residues are likely to be involved in receptor recognition/binding.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Cerebellar inhibition and ICSS from stimulation in the area of the nucleus locus coeruleus.

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) and the long-lasting inhibition (LLI) of cerebellar Purkinje cells which are produced by stimulation around the dorsal pontine nucleus locus coeruleus (LC). No strong correlation was found between the dorsal pontine sites which produced LLI and those sites which yielded ICSS. Moreover, ICSS sites were no more effective than non-ICSS sites in producing LLI. LLI of Purkinje cells was produced most effectively by stimulation of an area dorsolateral to the LC where axons arising from the LC collect to ascend to the cerebellum. The LLI produced by stimulation of this dorsolateral region was less often associated with short latency excitations, compared to the LLI produced by stimulation of the cerebellar white matter. This characteristic may be useful as an indication of LC-produced LLI. Sites yielding ICSS were scattered around the LC but were most consistent ventrolateral to the LC. These results indicate that ICSS and LLI of Purkinje cells appear to be independent phenomena which depend on different mechanisms.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The factor structure of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behaviors in institutional and community populations.

The Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior was factor analyzed in two institutional samples and one community sample of persons with mental retardation. In Sample I a general factor was found. In Samples 2 and 3 a three-factor structure was found. These three factors were named Intra-personal Maladaptive Behavior, Psychotic Behavior, and Extra-personal Maladaptive Behavior. None of the factor solutions bore any close resemblance to a factor structure implied by the seven scales on the Reiss Screen. The implications for the future development of assessments of dual diagnosis are discussed.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nosocomial infections: decade-specific risk.

Although the elderly are thought to be at increased risk for acquiring nosocomial infections (NIs), the degree of risk has not been carefully quantified. We determined the decade-specific risks of NIs. The rate was constant at approximately 10 per 1,000 discharged patients from birth to 40 to 49 years. Thereafter the rate rose logarithmically and peaked at greater than 100 per 1,000 discharges after 70 years. Of all NIs, 64% occurred after 60 years of age. Yet, this elderly group made up only 23% of hospitalized patients. In conclusion, while the elderly comprise a small fraction of hospitalized patients, they account for the majority of nosocomial infections.

Adolescent↗