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Biomedical subjects

B Silver

Publications and source records attributed to B Silver.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Second malignancies after treatment for laparotomy staged IA-IIIB Hodgkin's disease: long-term analysis of risk factors and outcome.

The survival of patients with Hodgkin's disease has dramatically improved over the past 30 years because of advances in treatment. However, concern for the risk of long-term complications has resulted in a number of trials to evaluate reduction of therapy. The consequences of these trials on recurrence, development of long-term complications, and survival remain unknown. One major consequence of successful treatment of Hodgkin's disease is the development of second malignant neoplasms. We sought to determine the factors most important for development of second tumors in pathologically staged and treated Hodgkin's disease patients followed for long intervals to provide background information for future clinical trials and guidelines for routine patient follow-up. Between April 1969 and December 1988, 794 patients with laparotomy staged (PS) IA-IIIB Hodgkin's disease were treated with radiation therapy (RT) alone or combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy (CT). There were 8,500 person-years of follow-up (average of 10.7 person-years per patient). Age and gender-specific incidence rates were multiplied by corresponding person-years of observation to obtain expected numbers of events. Observed to expected results were calculated by type of treatment, age at treatment, sex, and time after Hodgkin's disease. Absolute (excess) risk was expressed as number of excess cases per 10,000 person-years. Seventy-two patients have developed a second malignant neoplasm. Eight patients developed acute leukemia, 10 had non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and 53 patients developed solid tumors at a median time of 5 years, 7.25 years, and 12.2 years, respectively, after Hodgkin's disease. One patient developed multiple myeloma 16.5 years after Hodgkin's disease. The relative risk (RR) of developing a second malignancy was 5.6. The absolute excess risk per 10,000 person-years (AR) of developing a second malignancy was 69.6 (7.0% excess risk per person per decade of follow-up). The highest RR occurred for the development of leukemia (RR = 66.2), however because of the low expected risk, the AR was only 9.3. The RR of solid tumors after Hodgkin's disease was lower (4.7); however, the AR was greater (49) than for acute leukemia. Among the solid tumors, breast, gastrointestinal, lung, and soft tissue cancers had the highest absolute excess risks. The risk for developing breast cancer after Hodgkin's disease was greatest in women who were under the age of 25 at treatment. The most significant risk factor for the development of both leukemia and solid tumors was the combined use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. The RR following RT alone was 4.1 (AR = 51.1); for RT + CT (initially or at relapse) the RR was 9.75 (P < 0.05, nonoverlapping confidence limits, AR = 123.9). Survival following development of a second malignancy was poor in patients with leukemia, gastrointestinal tumors, lung cancer, and sarcoma. Survival from other malignancies including NHL and breast cancer was more encouraging. Second malignant neoplasms are a major cause of late morbidity and mortality following treatment for Hodgkin's disease. The most significant risk factor for the development of second tumors is the extent of treatment for Hodgkin's disease. Recommendations are presented for both prevention and early detection of these tumors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

A prospective study of conservative surgery alone in the treatment of selected patients with stage I breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Randomized clinical trials have clearly demonstrated that the use of radiation therapy (RT) following breast-conserving surgery (CS) substantially reduces the risk of local recurrence. However, the low rate of local recurrence after CS and RT for patients without known risk factors, and the recent increase in the detection of smaller cancers due to mammographic screening have led to the speculation that a subgroup of patients who have a low risk of local recurrence without RT might be identified. In 1986, we initiated a one-arm, prospective clinical trial of CS alone for treatment of highly selected breast cancer patients without known risk factors for local recurrence. METHODS: The study had a sequential design with a planned accrual of 90 patients. Criteria for entry into the trial were: a unicentric, clinical TI infiltrating ductal, mucinous or tubular carcinoma without an extensive intraductal component or lymphatic vessel invasion; a wide excision with a pathologically-documented negative margin of at least 1 cm; and histologically negative axillary lymph nodes. No adjuvant RT or systemic therapy was administered. Seventy-six per cent of the lesions were detected by mammography alone. The median gross pathologic tumor size was 0.9 cm. The median patient age was 67 years. RESULTS: Eighty-seven patients were enrolled in the trial before it closed prematurely in 1992 because the predefined stopping boundary was crossed (i.e., the sixth local recurrence was observed). At that time, the average annual local recurrence rate was 4.2%. With a median follow-up of 56 months, there are now 14 patients (16%) with local recurrence as their site of first failure (average annual local recurrence rate: 3.6%). Four patients without local recurrence developed distant metastases. Three patients have died, one of metastatic breast cancer and two of unrelated causes. CONCLUSIONS: Even in a highly selected group of patients with early-stage breast cancer, there is a substantial risk of early local recurrence for those treated with wide excision alone.

Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous↗
PubMed1996

Deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and the white clot syndrome.

Thromboembolic events such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are very uncommon in the pediatric age group; even more rare is the white clot syndrome. We present the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with no known risk factors for thromboembolic disease or cardiopulmonary complaints, yet was found to have extensive lower extremity DVT and PE. This patient also suffered the rare but potentially devastating complication of heparin therapy referred to as the white clot syndrome, resulting in amputation of the lower extremity. Greater awareness of both thromboembolic disease in children and the white clot syndrome may lessen the morbidity and mortality associated with these entities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Medical therapy for ischemic stroke.

Therapy for stroke is undergoing major changes. Many of the changes parallel the advances made in the therapy for myocardial infarction. Acute intervention with cytoprotective and thrombolytic agents is undergoing active investigation. Cytoprotective therapy includes drugs that act to prevent cell death during ischemia and reperfusion. These agents include calpain inhibitors, voltage-sensitive calcium- and sodium-channel antagonists, receptor-mediated calcium-channel antagonists [including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) antagonists], glutamate-synthesis inhibitors, glutamate-release antagonists, gamma-aminobenzoic acid (GABA) antagonists, 5-HT (serotonin) receptor agonists, gangliosides, antioxidants, growth factors, antiapoptotic agents, and antiadhesion molecules. Thrombolysis is effective in myocardial infarction. Thrombolysis is undergoing evaluation in stroke with streptokinase, anisoylated plasminogen streptokinase activator complex (APSAC), tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA; including recombinant t-PA), urokinase, and single-chain urokinase (scu-PA). Both systemic and selective administration are being evaluated. Preventive therapy with both antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs sheds new light on how best to stratify patients in terms of a risk-benefit ratio. Continuing public education will be essential as stroke therapy advances.

Brain↗
PubMed1995

Noninvasive measurement of tissue magnesium and correlation with cardiac levels.

BACKGROUND: Intracellular magnesium ([Mg]i) plays an important role in the regulation of myocardial metabolism, contractility, and the maintenance of transsarcolemmal and intracellular ionic gradients. An understanding of the role of magnesium in the clinical setting, however, is hampered by the lack of an assay of intracellular tissue magnesium levels. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used energy-dispersive x-ray analysis to measure [Mg]i in sublingual epithelial cells and to correlate the level with those in atrial biopsy specimens from the same patients during cardiopulmonary bypass. Levels were also measured in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients before and after intravenous magnesium sulfate administration and compared with those from intensive care unit (ICU) patients and healthy individuals. A strong correlation between sublingual epithelial cell (mean, 32.1 +/- 0.3 mEq/L) and atrial tissue (mean, 32.1 +/- 0.3 mEq/L) [Mg]i was present in 18 cardiac surgery patients (r = .68, P < .002). Epithelial and atrial [Mg]i levels were lower than in healthy individuals (33.7 +/- 0.5 mEq/L, P < .01) studied at that time and correlated poorly with serum magnesium. Mean [Mg]i in 22 AMI patients was 30.7 +/- 0.4 mEq/L, which was significantly lower than in 21 ICU patients and 15 healthy individuals (35.0 +/- 0.5 mEq/L and 34.5 +/- 0.7 mEq/L, respectively, P < .001). Intravenous magnesium sulfate was administered to most of the AMI patients (mean dose, 36 +/- 6 mmol). [Mg]i rose significantly in the AMI patients over the first 24 hours, and the magnitude of the increase was greater in those who received higher doses of intravenous magnesium sulfate. CONCLUSIONS: Sublingual epithelial cell [Mg]i correlates well with atrial [Mg]i but not with serum magnesium. [Mg]i levels are low in patients undergoing cardiac surgery and those with AMI. Intravenous magnesium sulfate corrects low [Mg]i levels in AMI patients. Energy-dispersive x-ray analysis determination of sublingual cell [Mg]i may expedite the investigation of the role of magnesium deficiency in heart disease.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Long-term outcome following breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy.

PURPOSE: To examine the long-term pattern and frequency of recurrences after breast-conserving therapy and whether the outcome was influenced by the era of treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: From 1968 to 1986, 1870 patients with unilateral Stage I or II breast cancer were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Of these, 1628 underwent gross tumor excision and received a dose of > 60 Gy to the tumor bed and constituted the study population. Patients were classified as without evidence of disease, dead from other causes (DOC), or by their first site of recurrence. First sites of recurrent disease were categorized as distant/regional (DF/RNF) or local (LR). Local recurrence was defined as the detection of any invasive or in situ carcinoma occurring in the ipsilateral breast and was further categorized as: true recurrence (TR), marginal miss (MM), skin recurrence (S), or elsewhere in the breast (E). Median follow-up in survivors was 116 months. Eighty patients (4.9%) were lost to follow-up at 3-175 months. The population was divided into two time cohorts: 1968-1982 (n = 810), with a median follow-up time of 143 months, and 1983-1986 (n = 792), with a median follow-up time of 95 months. RESULTS: The overall crude rates of ipsilateral breast recurrence were 7.4 and 13.3% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Crude rates at 5 and 10 years were 5.7 and 9.3% for TR/MM and were 0.9 and 2.8% for E recurrences, respectively. The annual incidence rates for all LR ranged from 0.5-2.4% and was relatively constant after the first year. The annual incidence rates for TR/MM ranged from 0.4 to 1.9%, whereas for E recurrences the range was 0.1-0.7%. The crude rates of DF/RNF were 16.6 and 23.1% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. The annual incidence rates for DF/RNF ranged from 1-5% over all years. Although the magnitude of the incidence was different, DF/RNF recurrence predominated in years 1-3 for both node-positive and node-negative patients. For the 1968-1982 and 1983-1986 cohorts, the 5-year crude rates of ipsilateral breast recurrence were 8.8 and 5.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Distant and regional nodal failures were the predominant form of recurrence. The annual incidence rate of LR was relatively constant over the first decade. True recurrence/marginal miss was the most frequent type of ipsilateral breast recurrence and was highest during years 2 through 7. The risk of a recurrence elsewhere in the breast increased with longer follow-up and was highest during years 8 through 10. The 5-year crude rate of ipsilateral breast recurrence appeared lower in the 1983-1986 patient cohort compared to the 1968-1982 patient cohort (8.8% vs. 5.9%), but the distributions of site of first failure did not differ significantly (p = 0.13). Any decrease in ipsilateral breast recurrence likely reflects improvements in mammographic and pathologic evaluation, patient selection, and the increased use of reexcision.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Parametrial interstitial brachytherapy for advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancy: the Harvard/Stanford experience.

In this study we evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of transperineal interstitial implants for advanced pelvic malignancy. A total of 139 patients were treated at Stanford University Medical Center and the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy with transperineal template interstitial brachytherapy for locally advanced or recurrent cancers arising in the pelvic organs. Most patients received whole pelvis external beam irradiation to a median dose of 4200 cGy followed by an implant for a median duration of 48 hr to a median implant dose of 3000 cGy (range 600-6000 cGy). Complete follow-up was obtained for 91% of the patients. Median follow-up for survivors is 57 months (range, 10-173 months). The crude disease-free survival rate was 22% at 5 years. The 5-year crude local tumor control rate was 25%. No dose-response relationship could be demonstrated for tumor control or complications. There were no acute treatment-related deaths. Three late deaths were seen which were directly related to treatment. Major bowel complications requiring surgery were seen in 17% of patients without locally recurrent disease, and fistulas were reported in 4% of these patients. We conclude that template parametrial implant brachytherapy offers a modest chance of cure for women with locally advanced pelvic malignancy. However, this treatment causes significant late morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Mantle irradiation alone for selected patients with laparotomy-staged IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease: preliminary results of a prospective trial.

PURPOSE: To determine the feasibility of omitting prophylactic paraaortic irradiation in selected patients with laparotomy-staged (pathologically staged [PS]) IA to IIA Hodgkin's disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We initiated a prospective single-arm trial in October 1988 to study the role of mantle irradiation alone in selected PS IA to IIA patients with Hodgkin's disease. A total of 37 patients have been entered onto this trial. Entrance criteria included nodular sclerosis (NS) or lymphocyte predominance (LP) histology, absence of B symptoms, disease limited above the carina, and a negative laparotomy. Results of treatment of 23 patients in the prospective trial, monitored off treatment for > or = 1 year, are presented. Twenty-three additional PS IA to IIA patients, treated with mantle irradiation alone from 1970 to 1987, were analyzed as a comparison group. The median follow-up durations were 32 and 113 months, respectively, for the two groups. RESULTS: The 4-year actuarial rates of freedom from relapse and overall survival are 83% and 100%, respectively, for the prospective trial. The 10-year actuarial rates of freedom from relapse and overall survival are 83% and 89%, respectively, for retrospectively studied patients. There have been five recurrences among 46 patients who received mantle irradiation alone, all with a component of relapse below the diaphragm. CONCLUSION: These early results support the use of mantle irradiation alone in selected PS IA to IIA patients with NS or LP histology. Relapses, although rare, have occurred predominantly below the diaphragm. This suggests the need for continued long-term surveillance of abdominal and pelvic nodes in this group of treated patients.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1994

The relationship between microscopic margins of resection and the risk of local recurrence in patients with breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation therapy.

BACKGROUND: The relationships among the involvement of tumor at the final margins of resection, the presence of an extensive intraductal component (EIC), and the risk of local recurrence are important considerations in patients treated with conservative surgery and radiation therapy for early stage breast cancer but have not been defined adequately. METHODS: Between 1982 and 1985, 885 patients were treated for clinical Stage I or II invasive breast cancer. The study population was limited to 181 patients with an infiltrating ductal carcinoma who received a radiation dose to the surgical site of 60 Gy or greater, whose final microscopic margins of resection were evaluable, and who had at least 5 years of follow-up. A positive margin was defined as tumor present at the inked margin of resection, a close margin as tumor within 1 mm of the inked margin, and a negative margin as no tumor within 1 mm of the inked margin. A focally positive margin was defined as tumor at the margin in three or fewer low-power fields. In 157 patients (87%), the tumor was evaluable for the presence or absence of an EIC. The median follow-up was 86 months. RESULTS: In 12 of 181 patients (7%), a recurrence developed at or near the primary site (true recurrence/marginal miss [TR/MM]) within 5 years. The 5-year rate of TR/MM (with 95% confidence intervals) among patients with negative, close, focally positive, and more than focally positive margins was 0% (0-4%), 4% (0-20%), 6% (1-17%) and 21% (10-37%), respectively. Patients with positive margins also were more likely to have a distant failure within 5 years (14%, 8%, 25%, and 32% in the four groups, respectively). However, patients with positive margins more often had positive axillary lymph nodes than patients with negative or close margins (59% vs. 38%, P < 0.02). The 5-year rate of TR/MM was 20% for patients with an EIC-positive tumor and 7% for patients with an EIC-negative tumor. However, among the 127 patients with an EIC-negative tumor, the 5-year rate of TR/MM was less than 10% in all margin groups. Among the 30 patients with an EIC-positive tumor, the 5-year rate of TR/MM was 0% when margins were negative or close but 50% when margins were more than focally positive. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide support for the use of breast-conserving surgery and breast irradiation in all patients with uninvolved margins, whether the tumor is EIC-positive or EIC-negative. This study suggests that breast-conserving therapy (including a radiation boost to the primary site) also may be a reasonable option for some patients with an EIC-negative tumor and margin involvement.

Breast↗
PubMed1994

Histopathologic grading of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease. Lack of prognostic significance in 254 surgically staged patients.

BACKGROUND: The cellular composition of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (NS-HD) varies greatly from patient to patient. It is unclear whether subclassifying NS-HD based on cellular composition has prognostic value, because reported studies examining this issue have shown conflicting results. METHODS: The initial pathology slides of 254 surgically staged patients with NS-HD treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy were reviewed and subclassified according to British National Lymphoma Investigation criteria. The median follow-up time was 123 months. RESULTS: A total of 211 patients were classified NS I histology (83%), and 43 patients were classified NS II (17%). There were no differences in the distribution of NS I/NS II patients by age, number of sites of disease, B symptoms, or extent of mediastinal disease. Patients with NS II disease were more likely to be male (P = 0.001), and to have pathologic Stage I-II disease (P = 0.07). The 15-year actuarial rates of disease-free survival were 77 and 80% for NS I and NS II patients, respectively (P = not significant). The 15-year overall survival rates were 87 and 93% for NS I and NS II, respectively (P = not significant). No differences were seen between NS I and NS II patients for overall or disease free survival when analyzed separately by pathologic stage or by initial treatment. Similarly, no differences between NS I and NS II patients were seen in the large subgroup of 155 pathologic stage IA-IIA patients treated with radiation therapy alone. When other histologic parameters were analyzed separately, no differences were seen in the frequency of relapse between the groups based on extent of necrosis, atypia, fibrosis, variant atypia, variant syncytia, eosinophilia, or number of mitoses. CONCLUSIONS: The histologic subclassification of Hodgkin's disease had no prognostic significance in this group of surgically staged, uniformly treated patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Wide-field radiation therapy with or without chemotherapy for patients with Hodgkin disease in relapse after initial combination chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Hodgkin disease who have relapses after initial chemotherapy (CT) appear to have a poor prognosis, especially if the duration of the first complete remission (CR) was short. The authors performed a retrospective analysis of patients with Hodgkin disease whose relapse after combination CT was limited to nodal sites; their aim was to study the prognosis of this selected subgroup of patients. METHODS: In 28 patients with Hodgkin disease who had relapses in nodal sites after combination CT alone, the disease was restaged carefully to rule out simultaneous extranodal recurrences. Then the patients were treated with wide-field, high-dose radiation therapy (RT) with or without additional CT with curative intent between 1971 and 1987 at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. Fourteen patients were in first relapse and were treated with combination CT followed by RT. The remaining 14 patients (8 who were in first relapse and 6 who were in second relapse) were treated with RT alone. RT techniques were similar to those recommended for early-stage disease. RESULTS: The 7-year actuarial freedom from relapse and survival rates for the patients retreated with CT and RT were 93% and 85%, respectively, as compared with 36% and 36% for patients retreated with RT alone. There was a significant difference for freedom from relapse (P = 0.002) and survival (P = 0.03), favoring patients retreated with both CT and RT. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study demonstrates that RT combined with second-line CT can result in a high percentage of durable remissions in patients who have relapses primarily in nodal sites after original treatment with combination CT alone. These durable remissions are seen even in patients who have only a brief CR after initial CT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Pediatric stage IV Hodgkin disease. Long-term survival.

BACKGROUND: The optimal treatment for Stage IV Hodgkin disease (HD) remains uncertain, particularly the role of radiation therapy (RT). METHODS: A retrospective review of 43 children, 18 years of age or younger, who were seen and treated for Stage IV HD between June 1970 and June 1988, was performed. All patients were treated with combination chemotherapy (CT), and 20 patients received RT after CT (combined-modality therapy, CMT). CT consisted of mechlorethamine, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone (MOPP) in 41 patients and both MOPP and doxorubicin (Adriamycin, Adria Laboratories, Columbus, OH), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine in two patients. RT was added for patients who had a partial response (PR) to CT (n = 11) and/or for initial bulky thoracic disease (n = 12). RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 83 months, the 7-year actuarial freedom from progression (FFP) and survival rates for all patients were 69% and 78%, respectively. For patients achieving a complete response (CR) to CT, the 7-year FFP rate was 73% and for patients with a PR it was 90% (P value not significant). The actuarial overall survival rates at 7 years were 88% for patients with CR versus 80% for patients with PR. In contrast, patients with either no response (one patient) or progressive disease (four patients) after CT had a significantly worse prognosis than patients with CR, with a 7-year actuarial survival rate of 40% (P = 0.006). FFP after CT alone was significantly more prevalent in patients with Stage IVA (11 of 13 patients) than in patients with Stage IVB disease (2 of 10 patients; P = 0.003). For these symptomatic patients, failures were almost exclusively (seven of eight patients) in sites of initial nodal disease. The addition of adjuvant RT improved the progression-free survival for patients with B symptoms: 2 of 13 patients had relapses after CMT versus 8 of 10 patients treated with CT alone (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis of MOPP alone compared with MOPP plus RT showed a significant difference in FFP in patients with Stage IVB HD favoring CMT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Prognostic factors for patients with Hodgkin disease in first relapse.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to identify factors that predict outcome after salvage therapy for patients with Hodgkin disease (HD) in first relapse. METHODS: Between 1969 and 1985, 627 patients with Pathologic Stage IA-IIIB HD were treated at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy. With a median follow-up time for survivors of 135 months, 138 patients (22%) have experienced relapse. One hundred twenty-seven of these were retreated with curative intent and form the basis of this report. RESULTS: The complete response (CR) rate after retreatment was 79%. The 10-year actuarial freedom from second relapse (FSR) was 53%, and the 10-year survival rate from the time of first relapse was 57%. For patients experiencing relapse after initial radiation therapy (RT) alone (n = 110), the 10-year FSR and overall survival rates were 58% and 62%, respectively. Histologic type was the single most important prognostic factor for second CR rate, FSR, and survival. Patients with nodular sclerosis or lymphocyte predominant (NS/LP) histologic type had a 91% second CR rate, 67% 10-year FSR rate, and 75% 10-year survival rate, compared with 66%, 44%, and 43%, respectively, for patients with mixed cellularity or lymphocyte depleted (MC/LD) histologic type. For patients who experienced relapse after initial combined modality therapy (CMT; n = 17), the 10-year FSR and overall survival rates were 13% and 24%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that patients who experience relapse after RT alone can be effectively salvaged with combination chemotherapy. The implications of these results for clinical decision making are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Long-term results of post-operative radiation therapy following mastectomy with or without chemotherapy in stage I-III breast cancer.

PURPOSE: To determine the risk of local-regional failure following post-mastectomy radiotherapy and the incidence of complications associated with such treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We retrospectively analyzed the results in 309 patients with Stage I-III invasive breast cancer treated with post-mastectomy radiation therapy between 1975 and 1985. The median radiotherapy dose was 45 Gy in 1.8 to 2.25 Gy fractions. One hundred forty-seven (48%) of the patients received adjuvant systemic chemotherapy with 115 (78%) of these receiving a CMF-based or doxorubicin-containing regimen. The median follow-up time of surviving patients was 130 months (range, 28 to 191 months) after mastectomy. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (6%) developed a local-regional failure at an interval of 4 to 87 months after radiotherapy. Moderate or severe complications related to radiotherapy and requiring treatment were uncommon. Symptomatic radiation pneumonitis occurred in four patients (1.3%), arm edema in 18 (5.8%), and brachial plexopathy in 2 (0.6%). CONCLUSION: We conclude that post-operative radiotherapy is a safe and effective means of reducing local-regional failure following mastectomy. The efficacy of post-mastectomy radiotherapy in improving survival should be addressed in new large randomized controlled studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Transvaginal ultrasonography and the assessment of luteal phase endometrium.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine if ultrasonography of the endometrium could be used to identify in a noninvasive manner patients with luteal phase defects. STUDY DESIGN: Patients underwent midluteal transvaginal ultrasonography with photographing of the endometrial image, an endometrial biopsy, and two serum hormonal profiles. The ultrasonographic images were graded and compared with the histologic results and the serum hormonal profiles. RESULTS: There was a trend toward a higher grade image being associated with normal histologic studies. There was no significant difference between the mean hormonal profiles in patients with normal and those with abnormal biopsy specimens. There was no significant difference between the hormonal values drawn before and those drawn after the biopsies. CONCLUSIONS: Although the endometrial appearance on ultrasonography appears to reflect secretory transformation, it cannot replace endometrial biopsy for full evaluation of luteal endometrial development. Short-term variability in serum concentrations of midluteal hormones was not demonstrated.

Biopsy↗