Mechanical efficiency of positive work in running at different speeds.
To investigate the possible role of elastic potentiation on mechanical efficiency, three male marathon runners were filmed while running on a treadmill at various steady-state speeds ranging from 7.0-22.0 km X h-1. Kinematic and mechanical energy analyses were performed from the film. Expired air was collected for energy expenditure determination. The analysis disclosed that during contact on the treadmill the knee and ankle joints initially had a phase of negative (flexion) angular velocity, followed by a positive velocity. In the hip joint the stretch-shortening cycle of the extensor muscles occurred primarily during the flight phase. The mean vertical and horizontal forces of the negative and positive phases of the contact period increased linearly with the increase in the running speed. The calculated mechanical efficiency of positive work was high but relatively constant (55.1 +/- 12.7%) across all speeds. The absolute contribution of the extra work, which comes from the stored elastic energy to the positive work, increased with running speed; however, its relative value (0.61 +/- 0.09 J X min-1 X kg-1) remained constant at all measured speeds. It is suggested, therefore, that when the flight phase is included in the mechanical energy calculations, the measured efficiency for the positive work reaches a high but constant value in running at low-to-moderate speeds.