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Biomedical subjects

B Slade

Publications and source records attributed to B Slade.

16 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Prevalence of vaginal colonization by drug-resistant Candida species in college-age women with previous exposure to over-the-counter azole antifungals.

We enrolled 382 college-age women in a cross-sectional survey to investigate the relationship between use of over-the-counter (OTC) azole-based antifungal drugs and vaginal colonization by drug-resistant Candida. This study showed no correlation (P=.506) between previous OTC exposure and colonization of drug-resistant Candida in vaginal flora. However, a small number of resistant Candida species isolates were obtained from women with a history of multiple exposures to OTC antifungals; given the widespread use of these products, this may be an emerging concern.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

MMR immunisation coverage in Christchurch. Christchurch Immunisation Coordination Committee.

AIM: To measure measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) immunisation status of a birth cohort at 18 months of age. METHOD: All children born in Christchurch in June, July and August 1995 who were alive at 18 months of age (n = 999), were matched with MMR immunisation benefit claims. Those not listed were traced. RESULT: The final immunisation coverage rate was estimated at 85%. CONCLUSION: An 85% coverage rate at 18 months fell well short of the Immunisation 2000 target of 95% coverage by two years of age.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Immunisation coverage in Christchurch in a birth cohort. Christchurch Immunisation Coordination Committee.

AIM: To ascertain the immunisation status of a birth cohort of infants at 8 months of age. METHODS: Data on all children born in Christchurch in June, July and August 1995 were matched with immunisation benefit claim information for the 6-week, 3-month and 5-month immunisation events. Those not listed as receiving all three immunisations by the age of 8 months were traced to ascertain their immunisation status. RESULTS: Immunisation status was established for 933 (93.1%) of the cohort of 1002 infants. Of these, 95% had received all three immunisations that were scheduled up to 5 months of age. This represents a coverage of at least 88.2% of the entire cohort. It was probable that many of those not traced would also have been fully immunised. Using a conservative estimate of coverage among this group, we calculated that 93% of the entire cohort had been fully immunised by the age of 8 months. CONCLUSION: There was a high immunisation coverage rate in Christchurch. This is in contrast to a commonly held view that children in New Zealand have a poor immunisation record. There was no evidence of a significant anti-immunisation stance among Christchurch parents. Immunisation data relevant to specific, defined populations can identify individual children and groups of children who may require assistance beyond general practitioner recall to achieve appropriate immunisation. The tracking process also allowed for immunisation reminders to be personally delivered and included some facilitation for achieving further immunisation. We suggest that a pilot programme, using a centralised register based on birth data, feeding into existing immunisation delivery and recall systems, and using tracking methods similar to those used in our study, should be the next step in addressing immunisation coverage surveillance and immunisation coordination in Christchurch.

Birth Certificates↗
PubMed1997

Establishment of reference pressure of transcutaneous oxygen for the comparative evaluation of problem wounds.

Seventy-two healthy males and females serially breathed air and 100% O2 at 1.0 atm abs (1.01 bar; AIR and O2, respectively), then 100% O2 at 2.36 atm abs (2.39 bar, HBO) to establish reference values for chest (CH), leg (LG), and foot (FT) PtcO2. Subjects sequentially a) rested supine with legs extended (baseline); b) elevated their monitored leg; c) returned to supine/extended position; d) assumed a seated, both legs dependent posture; and e) returned to supine/extended position. LG and FT PtcO2 decreased during leg elevation and increased when both legs were dependent during AIR, O2, and HBO (P < 0.0001, respectively). LG PtcO2 of females exceeded that for males in all conditions (P < 0.05 to P < 0.0001). Baseline CH PtcO2 also was greater than LG PtcO2 for all subjects in all conditions (P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001) and greater than FT PtcO2 for all conditions (P < 0.01 to P < 0.0001) except AIR. We conclude that: a) position and hyperoxygenation of an extremity significantly affect PtcO2; b) PtcO2 does not follow a decreasing CH to FT gradient in all conditions; c) a gender difference exists for LG PtcO2; and d) PtcO2 reference data are established for the comparative evaluation and clinical management of problem wounds.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Breathing, sleep state, and rectal temperature oscillations.

Overheating may cause terminal apnoea and cot death. Rectal temperature and breathing patterns were examined in normal infants at home during the first 6 months of life. Twenty one infants had continuous overnight rectal temperature and breathing recordings for 429 nights (mean 20.4 nights, range 7-30) spaced over the first six months of life. Periods when breathing was 'regular' were directly marked on single night records. Sleep state was determined from respiratory variables. 'Regular' breathing was a reliable marker of 'quiet' sleep (specificity 93%). The duration of 'quiet' sleep increased from 6 to 22 minutes from two weeks to three months of age and then remained static, as did the proportion of sleep spent in the quiet phase (9% to 34%). Rectal temperature fell during 66% of quiet sleep and usually rose during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The drop in rectal temperature was maximal at the start of quiet sleep, whereas the maximum rise during REM sleep was reached after 10 to 15 minutes. Oscillations in rectal temperature are associated with changes in sleep and breathing state. The maturation of rectal temperature patterns during the first six months of life are closely related to a maturation of sleep state and breathing patterns.

Aging↗
PubMed1996

Use of transcutaneous pressure of oxygen in the evaluation of edematous wounds.

Transcutaneous pressure of oxygen (Ptco2) was measured in edematous wounds before and after a regimen of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy, in patients breathing normobaric air (AIR), 100% normobaric oxygen (O2), and 100% O2 at 239 kPa (2.36 atm abs; HBO). Wounds also were scored for severity, including three ratings for periwound edema. Only during AIR was pre Ptc O2 of markedly edematous wounds significantly lower than that of moderately edematous and non-edematous wounds (P < 0.001). After HBO2 therapy, wound severity score and periwound edema rating decreased significantly (P < 0.001), and periwound edema ratings could no longer be distinguished by PtcO2. Although pre periwound PtcO2 measured during both O2 and HBO evaluations was significantly greater than that measured during AIR (P < 0.0001) and was positively correlated with subsequent change in wound severity (P < 0.05), regression analyses failed to yield a significant prediction equation. The authors conclude: a) dramatically marked increases in PtcO2 of normally hypoxic (< 30 Torr O2) edematous wounds during O2 and HBO challenges demonstrate that periwound edema is an O2 diffusion barrier during normal conditions; b) HBO2 therapy significantly reduces periwound edema in markedly edematous wounds; c) despite significant correlations between pre-therapy periwound PtcO2 measured during O2 and HBO challenges and changes in wound severity, single PtcO2 measurements are not predictive of changes in periwound edema or overall wound severity.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infection by enzyme-linked immunospot assays in a prospectively followed cohort of infants of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women.

The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT), a method for quantifying specific and total antibody-secreting cells, was used for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a prospectively followed cohort of infants born to HIV-infected women. From July 1, 1987, to June 1, 1990, 127 infants with known HIV infection status were studied. Seventeen of 22 HIV-infected infants had specific HIV-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Among the infected infants rates of ASC positivity increased during the first year of life, from 25% in the first 5 days of life to 78% after 6 months. Two of the five ASC-negative infected infants were further characterized as hypo- or dysgammaglobulinemic by an adjunct ELISPOT assay for total immunoglobulin-secreting cells. Excluding hypo- or dysgammaglobulinemic infants from the analysis, the rate of ASC positivity among infected infants was 85% (17 of 20) after the age of 6 months. None of the 95 uninfected infants had a positive ELISPOT assay, including 55 who were tested in the first 3 months of life. Thus in this series the specificity was 100%. ELISPOT methodology can be a useful technique for the diagnosis of HIV infection in infants of HIV-seropositive mothers.

Female↗
PubMed1984

Locus of control, persistence, and use of contingency information in physically abused children.

Abused children are believed to develop in a harsh environment with minimal contingency of parental responses to their behavior. Seligman proposed that noncontingent caregiving produces helplessness. In this study, helplessness was assessed by measures of persistence and locus of control and by an experimental manipulation which varied contingency feedback. Compared to matched nonabused peers, abused children showed no less persistence in working for rewards, made equivalent use of contingency information to maintain persistence, and assumed equivalent responsibility for success. However, they took less responsibility for failure. Family learning history may render abused children helpless primarily in avoidance of aversive outcomes.

Achievement↗
PubMed1977

Localization and synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in the chicken.

The localization and sites of synthesis of alpha-fetoprotein in chick embryos throughout development have been investigated using the combined techniques of immunofluorescence microscopy and tissue culture in the presence of radiolabelled amino acids, followed by immunoautoradiographic analysis. Alpha-fetoprotein is present in a range of embryonic tissues and especially concentrated in the yolk sac, liver and connective tissue. Analysis of culture fluids revealed that the yolk sac is the major site of alpha-fetoprotein synthesis with smaller, but significant quantities being produced by the liver. These results are discussed in relation to mammalian alpha-fetoprotein, and the merits of the chick embryo for studies on the biological function of AFP are considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity and mutagenic specificity of metronidazole and niridazole in Neurospora crassa.

Mutagenicity and mutagenic specificity of niridazole and metronidazole, two chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of human parasitic diseases, were studied with the ad-3 test system of Neurospora crassa. The results show that neither compound is mutagenic in resting conidia. In growing vegetative cells, however, both compounds are mutagenic in N. crassa. Genetic analysis of the mutants indicated that niridazole induces predominantly base-pair substitution mutations. None of the niridazole-induced mutants resulted from multilocus deletions. The spectra of genetic alterations induced by metronidazole are similar to those induced by the mono-functional alkylating agents ethyleneimine (EI), ethylmethanesulfonate (EMS), and ICR-177. It is therefore suggested that the mechanism of mutation induction by metronidazole in Neurospora is similar to that of monofunctional alkylating agents.

Genotype↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Mutagenicity and mutagenic specificity of metronidazole and niridazole in Neurospora crassa.

Mutagenicity and mutagenic specificity of niridazole and metronidazole, two chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of human parasitic diseases, were studied with the ad-3 test system of Neurospora crassa. The results show that neither compound is mutagenic in resting conidia. In growing vegetative cells, however, both compounds are mutagenic in Neurospora crassa. Genetic analysis of the mutants indicate that niridazole induces predominantly base-pair substitution mutations. None of the niridazole-induced mutants resulted from multilocus deletions. The spectra of genetic alterations induced by metronidazole are similar to those induced by the monofunctional alkylating agents, EI, EMS and ICR-177. It is suggested, therefore, that the mechanism of mutation induction by metronidazole in Neurospora is similar to that of monofunctional alkylating agents.

Genetic Complementation Test↗