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B Stabell

Publications and source records attributed to B Stabell.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Mechanisms of long-term dark adaptation.

It has previously been suggested that long-term dark adaptation is controlled by bleaching signals that regulate the activity of an allosteric, positively cooperative protein (Stabell et al., 1986a, b). Recent biochemical evidence strongly supports this assumption, indicating that the primary regulator of the light-sensitive channels in the plasma membrane of the outer segments of the photoreceptors is a homo-oligomeric, allosteric, positively cooperative protein. In this report, we discuss the possibility that signals from bleached photopigments may control the dark-adaptation process through the allosteric protein of the plasma membrane. It is suggested that the concentrations of the bleached photopigment and of the allosteric effector are reciprocal quantities.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Dark adaptation of the long-wave cones at different eccentricities.

Using a Wright colorimeter the ordinary long-term, long-wave cone dark-adaptation curve was measured at 0, 2, 4, 7, 17, 25, 40 and 49 degrees nasally in the visual field. In opposition to previous findings, the results show that the dark-adaptation function of the long-wave cones changes markedly when the test field is moved outward from the rod-free fovea. It is suggested that the kinetics of the long-wave cone photopigment change with eccentricity. Also, at variance with previous findings, the present curves at all eccentricities may reasonably well be interpreted as consisting of three different sections; a first section where the threshold decreases rapidly, followed by a major, approximately linear section and a terminating section that converges asymptotically towards the final level of sensitivity. This finding suggests that the dark-adaptation process of the cone system, under the given experimental conditions, is based on three somewhat different processes.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1990

Rod suppression of cone-mediated information about colour and form during dark adaptation.

Following substantial bleaches, the specific form and hue thresholds were measured during dark adaptation with a test stimulus of 1 x 2 degrees at 40 degrees extrafoveally. The wavelength of the test field was varied between runs. The results show that both thresholds started to rise at about the cone-rod break of the dark-adaptation curve, irrespective of wavelength used in the test. Furthermore, the specific threshold for form was found to rise when a scotopic stimulus was superimposed on a photopic test flash. On the other hand, both thresholds remained at the cone-plateau level when the test flash was confined within the rod-free fovea. In order to explain the rise in the specific thresholds, it is suggested that signals from rods generated directly in response to the test stimulus may suppress both cone-mediated form and colour. It is also suggested that this type of rod-cone interaction represents a general characteristic involved in several kinds of visual information processing.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Dark adaptation of foveal cones during the cone-plateau period.

Following substantial bleaching by "white" light, absolute threshold, relative spectral sensitivity and sensation of hue of monochromatic lights were measured at the central fovea during the cone-plateau period. The absolute-threshold level was found to increase and then decrease markedly, the relative spectral sensitivity remained invariant, while the sensation of hues of monochromatic lights from the long- and middle-wave regions of the spectrum changed toward hues of shorter wavelengths.

Dark Adaptation↗
PubMed1989

Dark-adaptation mechanisms of the long-wave foveal cones.

The ordinary long-term rod and cone dark-adaptation curves have generally been assumed to follow a single exponential rate of recovery. However, in two previous papers on rod dark-adaptation (Stabell et al., 1986a, b), the recovery curve was found to consist of three different sections. The results of the present paper show the same type of recovery function with three different sections for the long-term dark-adaptation curve of the long-wave cone system. During the major, middle section log cone threshold, like log rod threshold, is linearly related to the logarithm of the concentration of bleached photopigment. Presupposing that the bleached cone photopigment acts as a ligand, the change in threshold level obtained during the middle section of the dark-adaptation curve is well described by the change in activity rate of an allosteric, postively cooperative enzyme built as a dimer.

Dark Adaptation↗
PubMed1984

Color-vision mechanisms of the extrafoveal retina.

Wavelength discrimination, spectral sensitivity as well as color-matching performance were measured at the fovea and at different eccentricities in the peripheral retina. The results show that the underlying mechanisms of color vision in the normal peripheral retina are different from those of the classic forms of congenital color blindness. On the other hand, a close correspondence was found between color-vision characteristics obtained in the extrafoveal retina and in patients with acquired color-vision defects due to diseases of the optic nerve, suggesting that the loss of color discrimination with eccentricity and during progression of these diseases has a common underlying basis.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1984

Dark-adaptation of the human rod system.

Following substantial bleaching, dark-adaptation thresholds of a complete rod monochromat and of a subject with normal colour vision were measured using a Wright colorimeter. When precautions were taken to ensure that the fixation point fell on the same retinal area during the threshold measurements as during the bleaching period, the dark-adaptation threshold curves of the rod monochromat followed exactly the same course as those of the normal subject subsequent to the cone-rod break of the long-term, normal dark-adaptation curve; irrespective of the intensity and the duration of the bleaching and the wavelength of the test stimulation. In contrast to the normal subject, however, the dark-adaptation curves of the rod monochromat showed no evidence of any cone function at photopic intensities. Furthermore, as opposed to previous measurements which show a simple linear relationship between fraction of bleached rhodopsin and log threshold, the present results show that there is a close linearity between log fraction of bleached rhodopsin and log threshold. This linear relationship is obtained despite varying extents of bleaching and subsequent dark-adaptation periods.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1982

Color vision in the peripheral retina under photopic conditions.

Chromaticities of spectral colors were measured during the cone-plateau period at 17 degrees, 25 degrees, 40 degrees and 60 degrees in the nasal field of view and at 40 degrees and 70 degrees in the temporal field. The results obtained in the nasal field show a progressive contraction of the color gamut with distance from the fovea with maximum shrinkage in the middle-wave region. Color discrimination in the temporal field of view was found to be much better developed than in the nasal field. Thus, all the primary hues were clearly observable at 70 degrees temporally. The exceptionally good color discrimination obtained in the present study is explained on the assumption that only cones are effectively excited upon stimulation during the cone-plateau period.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1982

Bezold-Brücke phenomenon of the far peripheral retina.

The Bezold-Brücke phenomenon was measured during the cone-plateau period of the long-term dark-adaptation curve at 25 degrees, 40 degrees and 60 degrees in the nasal field of view, and at 40 degrees and 70 degrees in the temporal field. In striking contrast to previous measurements of the B-B phenomenon the present results generally show that an increase of the luminance level in the middle- and long-wave regions of the spectrum produces, respectively, a trend toward green and red instead of toward yellow. The present results are explained on neural rather than on photochemical mechanisms.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1981

Absolute spectral sensitivity at different eccentricities.

Absolute spectral-threshold functions were measured during the cone-plateau period and in a dark-adapted state at 0, 6, 17, 28, 45, and 65 degrees temporally to the fovea. It was found that, when the photopic functions were brought together at 660 nm, they closely coincided in the 520-700-nm region of the spectrum, irrespective of location, suggesting that the relative spectral sensitivity and the weighted contributions of the middle-and long-wave cone photopigments remain invariant across the retina. On the other hand, the results suggest that the relative contribution of the short-wave cone mechanism increases between fovea and 17 degrees, stays essentially constant between 17 and 28 degrees, and decreases between 28 and 65 degrees. Furthermore, the results suggest that the absolute sensitivity of the middle- and long-wave cones decreases between fovea and 65 degrees, whereas the absolute sensitivity of the rods increased form fovea to 17 degrees and decreases between 17 and 65 degrees degrees. Finally, the log difference between the absolute dark-adapted cone and the rod threshold was found to increase between fovea and 45 degrees and to decrease between 45 and 65 degrees.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1981

Spectral sensitivity of the dark-adapted extrafoveal retina at photopic intensities.

By using a heterochromatic brightness-matching technique, in which the test and comparison field were presented in succession, spectral equal-brightness functions were measured in a dark-adapted state at a retinal illumination of 1000 photopic trolands at 6, 28, 45, and 65 degrees temporally to the fovea. In addition, the spectral equal-brightness functions were measured at 10, 100, 1000, and 6400 photopic trolands at 17 degrees temporally. In striking contrast with previous results, all the spectral brightness functions obtained were found to be basically scotopic in form, with peak sensitivities at about 500 nm. The difference in results between the present study and previous studies could be ascribed to the difference in method employed. Thus it was found that simultaneous, relative to successive, presentation of test and comparison fields depresses rod activity in the test field to a considerable extent. It was concluded that rods may function and influence the brightness response in extrafoveal vision at much higher intensity levels than was previously assumed.

Color Perception↗
PubMed1980

Extrafoveal spectral sensitivity during dark adaptation.

The extrafoveal spectral sensitivity function was measured during dark adaptation at different intensity levels above the cone plateau of the long-term dark-adaptation curve using both flicker and heterochromatic brightness-matching techniques. During most of the cone-plateau period, the spectral sensitivity function was found to be photopic in form at all the intensity levels employed. In the dark-adapted state, the two psychophysical techniques appeared to measure different processes. Thus, the flicker technique yielded a spectral sensitivity function which was basically scotopic in form at all the intensity levels employed while the spectral sensitivity function obtained with the brightness technique was basically photopic in form. It is suggested that, in a dark-adapted state, both rods and cones contribute to the brightness response at each wavelength over the major portion of the spectrum for a long transitional intensity range when the brightness technique is used. The flicker technique, on the other hand, appears to single out the rod activity.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1980

Variation in density of macular pigmentation and in short-wave cone sensitivity with eccentricity.

Using both absolute threshold and flicker techniques, we measured the relative spectral sensitivity at different eccentricities during the cone-plateau period of the long-term dark-adaptation curve. With both techniques the relative spectral sensitivity tended to increase with eccentricity in the short-wave region of the spectrum. The results suggest that the relatively high short-wave sensitivity of the extrafovea obtained with the threshold technique, is due both to variation in density of macular pigmentation nd in short-wave cone sensitivity, while the relatively high short-wave sensitivity obtained with the flicker technique is due to variation in density of macular pigmentation alone. The results were used as a basis for analyzing the variation in density of macular pigmentation and in short-wave cone sensitivity with eccentricity.

Color↗
PubMed1980

Spectral sensitivity in the far peripheral retina.

Relative spectral sensitivity was measured at different intensity levels 45 degrees temporally during the cone-plateau period and in a dark-adapted state. Both heterochromatic brightness matching, flicker photometry, and threshold measurements were employed. The relative spectral sensitivity obtained during the cone-plateau period was found to coincide closely with the foveal luminosity function in the long and medium regions of the spectrum irrespective of intensity and method employed, suggesting that the relative spectral sensitivities and the weighted contributions of the long- and medium-wavelength cone photopigments do not change appreciably between fovea and 45 degrees. The relative spectral sensitivity obtained in the dark-adapted state, on the other hand, was found to be purely scotopic in form invariant to intensity and method, suggesting that it is dominated almost completely by rod activity even at intensity levels commonly labeled "photopic.

Dark Adaptation↗
PubMed1979

Bezold-brücke phenomenon of the extrafoveal retina.

With the use of an asymmetric matching technique, the Bezold-Brück phenomenon of the extrafoveal retina was measured at different eccentricities during the cone-plateau period of the long-term dark-adaptation curve and after 30 min dark adaptation. The results indicate that both the rod and the cone mechanisms contribute to the luminance-dependent hue shift of the extrafoveal retina.

Color Perception↗