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Biomedical subjects

B T McKinnon

Publications and source records attributed to B T McKinnon.

6 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1996

FDA safety alert: hazards of precipitation associated with parenteral nutrition.

In April 1994, the Food and Drug Administration issued a Safety Alert regarding the hazards of precipitation associated with parenteral nutrition in response to reports of two deaths and at least two cases of respiratory distress in patients receiving three-in-one admixtures. The admixtures were thought to contain a precipitate of calcium phosphate, and patient autopsies revealed diffuse microvascular pulmonary emboli. The American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition took an active role in informing its members of the alert and responding to their concerns. Release of the alert has caused nutrition practitioners to reevaluate their compounding practices, use of filters, prescribing practices for calcium and phosphate in parenteral nutrition solutions, and use of three-in-one admixtures.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed1995

Evaluation of flow rates for six disposable infusion devices.

The accuracy of flow was studied for six disposable infusion devices: Eclipse (Block Medical), Homepump (Block Medical), Intermate (Baxter Healthcare), MedFlo (Secure Medical), ReadyMED (McGaw), and SideKick (I-Flow). Each infusion device had a preset delivery rate of 100 mL/hr. Either 48 or 50 units of each device were filled with 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Flow was measured in a 60-mL syringe set 100 cm above the infusion device. The volume infused was recorded over 60 minutes at 5-minute intervals. Of the six devices tested, Homepump demonstrated the least variability in flow. The mean percentage of initial volume infused at 60 minutes was 93.7% for the Homepump, 92.4% for the MedFlo, 91.9% for the SideKick, 88.7% for the ReadyMED, 87.3% for the Eclipse, and 83.4% for the Intermate. The Intermate was the only device with a mean overall infusion rate outside the manufacturer's specifications of +/- 15%. The SideKick's mean infusion rate exceeded the +/- 15% range during the first half of the infusion. None of six disposable infusion devices delivered 100% of the volume to be infused within 60 minutes. Of the devices tested, the Homepump demonstrated the least variability in flow and the most complete volume delivery.

Disposable Equipment↗
PubMed1993

Membrane filtration of pharmaceutical solutions.

The principles and uses of membrane filtration in the preparation of pharmaceutical solutions are discussed. The preparation of pharmaceutical solutions often requires their passage through a thin polymeric membrane containing many tiny pores. The purpose is to remove viable and nonviable particles in order to clarify or sterilize the solution. Particles may be retained by sieving, entrapment, or electrostatic attraction. The largest pore size that will yield a sterile filtrate is 0.2 microns. Membrane filters are either hydrophobic or hydrophilic. The rate of flow through a filter is affected by the resistance of the filter, the viscosity of the solution, and pressure. Filters are commonly composed of mixed esters of cellulose, polysulfone, polyvinylidene difluoride, nylon 66, polycarbonate, or polytetrafluoroethylene. In selecting a membrane filter, a pharmacist must consider pore size, compatibility, fluid volume, particulate load, and the filter holder. Various tests are available to evaluate the integrity of filters. Filters are useful in testing end products for sterility. The use of an in-line filter during the administration of large-volume injectable solutions can prevent the introduction of particles, air, and microorganisms into the patient. Therapies in which a 0.2-micron filter may be contraindicated include lipid emulsions, low-dose infusions, low-volume infusions, drugs for which the pharmacologic properties are altered by the membrane filter, and drugs that adhere to the membrane. Pharmacists need an in-depth understanding of the principles of filtration, the characteristics of filters, and their use in the filtration of pharmaceutical solutions.

Drug Compounding↗