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Biomedical subjects

B W Grunbaum

Publications and source records attributed to B W Grunbaum.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Admissibility of biochemical analyses results from sexual assault evidence in the United States courts.

Physiological stains in sexual assault cases have the potential to provide useful information. A comparison of genetic marker types in evidence semen stains and/or saliva stains to the corresponding genetic markers in the blood of a suspect may exclude the man as the perpetrator of the crime. If the genetic markers match, identification is inconclusive but may tend to support other circumstantial or eyewitness evidence of guilt. Potential for error is particularly high with physiological stain evidence because of its susceptibility to physical and chemical degradation. Furthermore, secretions (vaginal fluids, saliva, perspiration) from the victim are commonly mixed with the evidence specimens (semen, saliva) of the assailant. Certain genetic markers from the victim may mask those of the assailant. In many US crime laboratories there are no professional qualifications or requirements for the analysts assigned to this type of work. There is little administrative enforcement of quality control. Triers-of-fact are unaware that the data presented by the analyst are unverified and that the analyst's conclusions may be based on incorrect results.

Blood Stains↗
PubMed1983

Evaluation of a Reverse Gradient Garment for prevention of bed-rest deconditioning.

A Reverse Gradient Garment (RGG) was used to intermittently induce venous pooling in the extremities of a magnitude similar to that seen in going from a lying to standing position during the course of a 15-d period of horizontal bed rest. Venous pooling failed to improve bed-rest-induced losses in +2.5 Gz and +3.0 Gz centrifugation tolerance or to prevent increased heart-rate responses to lower-body negative pressure (LBNP). Four subjects served as controls, four were treated. Tests during the 7-d recovery period showed fluid/electrolyte and body composition values to have returned to pre-bed-rest levels with continued depression of acceleration tolerance times (56% decreased at +2.5 Gz and 74% decreased at +3.0 Gz compared to pre-bed-rest levels) and exaggerated blood insulin response on glucose tolerance testing (blood insulin for treated group increased 95% at 1 h before bed rest and 465% during recovery). This study demonstrates that the physiologic changes after bed rest persist for significant periods of time. Acceleration tolerance time proved to be a sensitive test for the deconditioning process.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1980

Studies of primate protein variation and evolution: microelectrophoretic detection.

Genetic variation at 16 protein and enzyme loci in Ceropithecus aethiops and several other primate species has been surveyed, using cellulose acetate microelectrophoresis. Resolution of several standard variant proteins is comparable to that achieved on starch gel or polyacrylamide gel. Although both intraspecific and interspecific variation was observed for some loci, the data generally support the concept that extracellular proteins are more likely to be polymorphic within a species, while intracellular proteins generally vary between species, if at all. These methodologies are particularly appropriate for screening multiple-locus variation in large numbers of samples; their relevance to studies of molecular evolution and evaluation of theories of kin selection is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Distribution of gene frequencies and discrimination probabilities for 22 human blood genetic systems in four racial groups.

Gene frequencies were computed in four racial categories from 5956 blood donors from California, Hawaii, Mexico City, and Texas. Calculations were based on the phenotypic distribution of 22 blood genetic systems including 7 blood groups and 15 genetically controlled polymorphic proteins and enzymes. Matching probabilities for 20 systems were approximately 1 in 100 000 Asians, 1 in 200 000 blacks, 1 in 330 000 Mexicans, and 1 in 1 000 000 whites. The complementary discrimination probability, which measures the likelihood that two random individuals do not match, was, for practical purposes, unity. The combined new technology for blood grouping and electrophoresis using cellulose acetate membranes provides a powerful individualizing and discriminating tool for forensic science investigation.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1979

Racial classifications based on blood group protein systems.

Two methods employing frequencies of blood group phenotypes are assessed as methods of accurately classifying individuals into racial categories. The data used consist of eleven blood group protein systems from 5043 males distributed into four ethnic categories (white, black, Chicano/Amerindian, and Asian). Both methods work equally well and yield a rate of misclassification of about 22%. Also included is a discussion of two probabilistic calculations relevant to employing blood group protein systems in the context of an identification tool.

Asian People↗
PubMed1978

Frequency distribution and discrimination probability of twelve protein genetic variants in human blood as functions of race, sex, and age.

Fresh blood samples were obtained from 6004 whites, 1025 blacks, 1596 Chicano/Amerindians, and 3053 Asians of California and Hawaii. The samples were typed for ABO and Rh groups and were analyzed electrophoretically for ten genetically determined protein variant systems. The effects of race, age, and sex on phenotypic frequencies within each of the twelve genetic systems were investigated. Large frequency differences were found between races but not between different age and sex subgroups within races. It was also demonstrated that the twelve genetic systems behaved statistically independently. Discrimination probabilities were computed for each of the four ethnic groups. These serve as a measure of the effectiveness of the twelve genetic systems examined in individualizing blood samples. The method is discussed for computing the probability that a randomly chosen individual of a given ethnic group possesses the same blood phenotypes as found in a predetermined sample of blood. The results presented here should prove useful in the investigation of civil and criminal cases involving blood samples.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1978

Problems of reliability in the phenotyping of erythrocyte acid phosphatase in bloodstains.

Erythrocyte acid phosphatase is a useful system for the crime laboratory for both fresh and degraded blood and bloodstains, provided the inherent problems of phenotyping this particular enzyme system are recognized. Because of the great number of variables affecting this enzyme system in vitro, phenotyping should not be attempted unless the complete history of origin and handling of the sample is known.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1977

Rapid detection of specific treponemal antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis using an extract of Treponema pallidum.

Specific treponemal antibodies were detected in small amounts by counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in agar gel, using an extract of Treponema pallidum. The T. pallidum-CIE test was compared with the fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test and with the Reiter protein complement fixation (RPCF) test. The results of the T. pallidum-CIE and FTA-ABS tests agreed in 96% of cases. There was no agreement between the T. pallidum-CIE and RPCF tests in 14% of cases. The three tests were compared in 56 sera--17 from cases of untreated syphilis and 39 from biologically false positive (BFP) reactors. RPCF was positive in 10 (59%) of the 17 specimens from cases of untreated syphilis; all 17 sera were FTA-ABS positive. The T. pallidum-CIE test was positive in 14 (82%) of the 17 specimens. All of the 39 BFP reactors, positive by the RPCF test, were shown to be negative by the FTA-ABS and T. pallidum-CIE tests. These results suggest that the T. pallidum-CIE test is more specific than the RPCF test and slightly less specific than the FTA-ABS test. The advantages of the T. pallidum-CIE test as a convenient method are speed of performance, simplicity and economy.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1977

Rapid phenotyping of the group specific component by immunofixation on cellulose acetate.

Determination of the genetically controlled variants of the polymorphic Gc system was achieved by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes followed by immunofixation with a specific anti-Gc antiserum. The method is applicable to plasma, whole hemolyzed blood, and dried blood. Multiple specimens can be analyzed simultaneously within 60 to 80 min. The cellulose acetate electrophoretogram of the Gc variants remains as a permanent record.

Blood Group Antigens↗