Centered care: focusing on the patient.
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Computer Communication Networks↗
Biomedical subjects
B Younger
Publications and source records attributed to B Younger.
Understanding category members as "the same sort of thing": explicit categorization in ten-month infants.
Although it is often acknowledged that classification exists in the first year of life, it has been suggested that infants are capable only of implicit categorization, recognizing that something is or is not familiar. In contrast, older children are thought to compare the stimuli or objects they categorize and to explicitly equate different category members. 2 habituation experiments were conducted in an attempt to determine whether 10-month-old infants are capable of explicit categorization. The approach taken was to insert nonmembers into the familiarization sequence in a categorization task. The nonmembers were designed so as to have a predictable effect on infants' performance whether or not these stimuli were included as infants processed the categorical information. The results suggest that infants do explicitly equate category members. Infants appeared to disregard the nonmembers in the familiarization sequence, basing their categorization response instead on the set of instances that were "the same sort of thing."
Cognition↗
Impact of a shielded safety syringe on needlestick injuries among healthcare workers.
OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the impact of a shielded 3 cc safety syringe on needlestick injuries among healthcare workers. DESIGN: Surveillance study. SETTING: Three medical centers. RESULTS: The total number of needlesticks from all sources rose from 134 during the baseline period to 140 during the study phase. However, the overall rate of needlesticks involving 3 cc syringes decreased from 14/100,000 inventory units to 2/100,000, and the frequency declined substantially at each of the participating medical centers. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that shielded syringes and related technology may offer potential for reducing the risk of needlestick injuries among hospital and other healthcare employees. This study should be viewed as a preliminary effort to assess the potential of shielded-syringe technology for reducing the risk of needlestick injuries among healthcare workers. The results are encouraging, but more clinical experience with this new device and longer follow up are essential to provide the data necessary for a definitive assessment of efficacy.
Humans↗
Developmental change in infant categorization: the perception of correlations among facial features.
Previous studies indicated that the ability to detect correlations among attributes emerges between 7 and 10 months of age. In the present study, the generality of this developmental transition was examined. Using an infant-control habituation procedure, 48 7- and 10-month-old infants were tested for the perception of correlations among basic facial features. The developmental effects were replicated. Only the 10-month-old infants demonstrated their sensitivity to the pattern of correlation by generalizing to a novel face that preserved the experienced pattern of correlation, while showing increased attention to a face in which the pattern of correlation was violated. 7-month-old infants generalized to both test stimuli containing familiar features, regardless of the status of the correlation. Implications for face perception and the processing of categorical information are discussed.
Facial Expression↗
Infant categorization: memory for category-level and specific item information.
In an attempt to determine whether it is necessary to postulate abstraction processes in infant categorization, three experiments assessed retention of category-level information and information specific to category members. Using a visual recognition memory procedure, 10- and 13-month-old infants were familiarized with category instances containing both shared dimensional information and idiosyncratic features. The addition of idiosyncratic features to members of the familiarization category enhanced specific item memory for 13-month-old infants. However, this was not the case for the younger infants. The results of within-category test comparisons indicated that 10-month-old infants regarded information common to all members of the category as more familiar than information specific to individual exemplars. This occurred despite evidence that specific item information was retained in memory and available for retrieval during recognition tests. The findings are discussed in relation to exemplar and abstraction models of categorization.
Attention↗
Infants' detection of correlations among feature categories.
The present study demonstrates that the infant's ability to detect correlations among attributes extends to correlations among feature categories of the type we might expect to be useful in forming natural object categories. 48 10- and 13-month-old infants were tested using an infant-control habituation procedure. Infants initially were exposed to as many as 12 different animals. 2 attributes were perfectly correlated within the set of habituation stimuli. For example, animals with feathered tails had ears, and animals with furry tails had antlers. The appearance of the correlated features varied across the set of 12 animals. Infants' sensitivity to the pattern of correlation existing within the habituation set was demonstrated by their responses to new stimuli following habituation. Infants generalized habituation to a new animal that preserved the experienced pattern of correlation, but showed an increase in looking to a stimulus that contained a novel combination of the same features.
Arousal↗
Hypochlorite sensitivity in man.
Observation of an individual with immediate-type reaction following exaggerated dermal exposure to hypochlorite-containing cleaning products prompted review of similar hypersensitivity reactions attributed to hypochlorite or other highly reactive chemicals. This review confirms isolated incidences of hypochlorite sensitivity of the delayed type (allergic contact dermatitis), as well as immediate-type reactions from inhalation or topical challenge of sensitized individuals. We conclude that it is possible that excessive and prolonged exposure to hypochlorite may in some cases result in irritation and damage to the skin. This potentially gives rise to altered proteins which in rare cases may cause hypersensitivity. This reaction is common to other reactive small molecules with a strong irritant action.
Adult↗
Leprosy. Our Southeast Asian refugee experience.
In the past two years, we have diagnosed four cases of leprosy at the St Paul-Ramsey Hospital Dermatology Clinic. This is a markedly increased incidence for the state of Minnesota. All of these cases have been found among recently arrived Southeast Asian refugees not noted to have their disease by previous screening examinations. The purpose of this study is to report these four cases (two tuberculoid, one lepromatous, and one borderline leprosy) and to review the Southeast Asian Refugee Resettlement Program, focusing on medical screening programs. We recommend refugee health education, health personnel training, and refugee medical screening centers as ways to detect leprosy among refugees entering the United States.
Adult↗
Solitary congenital calcified nodule of the ear.
A 41/2-month-old infant, the product of a normal pregnancy, labor, and delivery had a folded right ear at birth. At the apex of the fold there was a crusted erythematous nodule. A biopsy specimen of this nodule at age 41/2 months showed collections of calcium surrounded by epithelioid histiocytes in the dermis. This case calls attention to the rare condition of congenital nodular calcification of the skin. In the case of this 41/2-month-old infant, trauma may well have been the precipitating cause. This is the first of congenital nodular calcification involving the ear.
Calcinosis↗
Surgery with the argon laser: recent advances in instrumentation and techniques.
There have been several recent advances in the instrumentation and techniques of use of the argon laser in dermatologic surgery. Dispersion lenses that enlarge the areas of impact, operation through a microscope that permits precise microsurgery, templates that delimit areas of treatment, special eyeshields, nerve block anesthesia, and intermittent, light general anesthesia feasible in an out-patient setting are discussed.
Anesthesia, Local↗
Optical transforms of epidermal Langerhans' cell granules.
The internal structure of the epidermal Langerhans' cell granule (LCG) was studied with optical transforms of electron micrographs representing 3 planes of sectioning. Its "limiting membrane" exhibited linear discontinuity with a periodicity of about 11 nm similar to the structural repeats of the core (10.8 mm) in both the "outer" and the "internal leaflets". The average thickness of the nonvesicular part of the LCG was 55.7 nm. Disarray present in the optical diffractograms was incompatible with crystallinic or paracrystallinic orderliness of the periodic structures in the LCG. The structure appeared as an assembly of 4 sheets of roughly hexagonally packed particles: The stacked particles of 2 sheets in orthogonal contact forming the core (13.2 nm) were separated by an intermediate space (2.7 nm) from the single sheet of the outer layer and staggered by one-half the particle diameter on cross-sections. The validity of this model was inferred from the similarity of optical transforms of model structures.
Adolescent↗
Sporotrichosis associated with sphagnum moss exposure.
A minor outbreak of culture-proved cutaneous sporotrichosis occurred in three employees of a commercial nursery in eastern Minnesota. All three had known exposure to sphagnum moss used for the packing of plant roots. Sporothrix schenkii was grown from a culture of sphagnum moss used at the nursery. The supplier of the moss is located in Wisconsin.
Adult↗
Elevated titers of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in oophorectomized women being treated for trophoblastic disease.
Radioimmunoassay has shown a cross-reaction of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) with high levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) in the serum of four women who underwent bilateral oophorectomy as part of their treatment for trophoblastic disease. Administration of oral contraceptives led to suppression of the LH and beta subunit HCG titers.
Adult↗
Human chorionic gonadotropin-secreting large cell carcinoma of the lung detected during follow-up of a patient previously treated for gestational trophoblastic disease.
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Adult↗
Trophoblastic disease in Alabama.
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Alabama↗
Amniotic fluid glucose in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
Amniotic fluid glucose (AF glu) was studied in 92 pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes. An inverse relation between AF glu and gestational age was found: [AF glu (mg. per diciliter) = 160.9 -- 3.51 (weeks gestation); r = -0.47]. A direct relation between AF glu and severity of maternal diabetes was observed: mean AF glu (mg. per deciliter) = 24.6 +/- S.D. 12.3 in Class A, 41.2 +/- 25.5 in Class AD and 57.5 +/- 36.5 in Classes B-D. A positive correlation of AF glu with osmolality was observed [AF Osm (mOsm. per kilogram) = 250.7 + 0.22 AF glu; r = +0.50], but this relation was remarkable inconsistent in individual patients. Neither individual nor serial AF glu levels were of any prognostic value in predicting fetal condition or perinatal outcome.
Amniocentesis↗
Amniotic fluid osmolality in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
Amniotic fluid osmolality (AF Osm) was studied in 247 patients whose pregnancies were complicated by maternal diabetes. Significant increases in mean AF Osm accompanied pre-existing fetal as well as subsequent perinatal death. Abnormal increases in AF Osm were associated with a significant increase in risk of perinatal compromise with cumulative morbidity and mortality rates of 54 per cent. These data suggest that serial evaluation of AF Osm enables detection of a "higher risk" group of diabetic pregnancies in which perinatal death is more than doubled.
Adolescent↗
Amniotic fluid creatinine in pregnancies complicated by diabetes.
Amniotic fluid (AF) creatinine concentrations, determined in 353 samples from 167 pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes, are similar to those found at comparable gestation in uncomplicated pregnancy. Added maternal vascular disease significantly raises AF creatinine to such a degree that overestimation of fetal (renal) maturity is a clinical hazard if based solely on this parameter. Relative concentrations of creatinine in AF and maternal plasma (AF/MP ratio) are related to gestational age. Failure of AF creatinine to rise consistently on successive serial samples accompanies an increased risk of perinatal death in the pregnancy complicated by diabetes, four of five deaths in the present series following declines in this measurement.
Adult↗